Yao Jianfeng, Yang Jikuang, Otte Dietmar
Vehicle Safety Division, Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2007 Mar;8(1):94-100. doi: 10.1080/15389580600944243.
The aim of this study was to investigate head injuries, injury risks, and corresponding tolerance levels of children in car-to--child pedestrian collisions.
An in-depth accident analysis was carried out based on 23 accident cases involving child pedestrians. These cases were collected with detailed information about pedestrians, cars, and road environments. All 23 accidents were reconstructed using the MADYMO program with mathematical models of passenger cars and child pedestrians developed at Chalmers University of Technology. The contact properties of the car models were derived from the European New Car Assessment Program (EuroNCAP) subsystem tests.
The accident analysis demonstrated that the head was the most frequently and severely injured body part of child pedestrians. Most accidents occurred at impact speeds lower than 40 km/h and 98% of the child pedestrians were impacted from the lateral direction. The initial postures of children at the moment of impact were identified. Nearly half (47%) of the children were running, which was remarkable compared with the situation of adult pedestrians. From accident reconstructions it was found that head impact conditions and injury severities were dependent on the shape and stiffness of the car front, impact velocity, and stature of the child pedestrian. Head injury criteria and corresponding tolerance levels were analyzed and discussed by correlating the calculated injury parameters with the injury outcomes in the accidents.
Reducing head injuries should be set as a priority in the protection of child pedestrians. HIC is an important injury criterion for predicting the risks of head injuries in child pedestrian accidents. The tolerance level of head injuries can have a considerable variation due to individual differences of the child pedestrians. By setting a suitable speed limit and improving the design of car front, the head injury severities of child pedestrians can be reduced.
本研究旨在调查儿童在汽车与儿童行人碰撞事故中的头部损伤、受伤风险及相应的耐受水平。
基于23起涉及儿童行人的事故案例进行了深入的事故分析。收集了这些案例中有关行人、汽车和道路环境的详细信息。使用MADYMO程序对所有23起事故进行了重建，该程序采用了查尔姆斯理工大学开发的乘用车和儿童行人数学模型。汽车模型的接触特性源自欧洲新车评估计划（EuroNCAP）子系统测试。
事故分析表明，头部是儿童行人受伤最频繁且最严重的身体部位。大多数事故发生时的碰撞速度低于40公里/小时，98%的儿童行人是从侧面受到撞击。确定了儿童在碰撞瞬间的初始姿势。近一半（47%）的儿童当时正在奔跑，这与成年行人的情况相比很显著。通过事故重建发现，头部碰撞条件和受伤严重程度取决于汽车前部的形状和刚度、碰撞速度以及儿童行人的身高。通过将计算出的损伤参数与事故中的损伤结果相关联，对头部损伤标准及相应的耐受水平进行了分析和讨论。
在保护儿童行人方面，应将减少头部损伤作为首要任务。头部损伤标准（HIC）是预测儿童行人事故中头部受伤风险的重要损伤标准。由于儿童行人的个体差异，头部损伤的耐受水平可能会有相当大的变化。通过设定合适的速度限制并改进汽车前部的设计，可以降低儿童行人的头部受伤严重程度。
