Fischer Susan L, Koshland Catherine P
Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall #7360, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7360, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2007 May 1;41(9):3121-6. doi: 10.1021/es060564o.
We investigate wintertime indoor air quality and personal exposures to carbon monoxide (CO) in a rural village in Jilin province, where relatively homogeneous climatic and sociocultural factors facilitate investigation of household structural, fuel-related, and behavioral determinants of air pollution as well as relationships between different measures of air quality. Our time-resolved wintertime measurements of carbon monoxide and respirable particles (RSP) enable exploration of peak pollution periods in a village in Jilin Province, China, characterized by household use of both coal and biomass, as well as several "improved" (gas or electric) fuels. Our data indicate a 6-fold increase in peak 1 h PM (1.9 mg/m3) concentrations relative to 24 h mean PM (0.31 mg/m3). Peak 1 h CO concentrations (20.5 ppm) routinely approached and often (27%) exceeded the World Health Organization's 1 h guideline of 26 ppm, although the vast majority (95%) of kitchens were within China's residential indoor air quality guideline for CO on a 24 h basis. Choice of heating fuel and household smoking status were significant predictors of indoor air quality. Whether solid or "improved" (gas or electric) fuel was used for cooking had an even stronger effect, but in the opposite direction from expected, on both peak and daily average measures of air pollution. Peak pollution period concentrations of CO and PM were strongly correlated to daily concentrations of CO and RSP, respectively. Our results suggestthat due to the primary role of heating as a determinant of wintertime indoor air quality in northern Chinese villages, health-oriented interventions limited to provision of improved cooking fuel are insufficient. Our results illustrate that peak pollution periods may routinely exceed exposure regulations and evacuation limits, although this and previous studies document typical 24 h CO concentrations in rural Chinese kitchens to be within guidelines. Within a given village and for a given pollutant, daily pollutant concentrations may be strong predictors of peak pollution period concentrations.
我们对吉林省一个乡村冬季的室内空气质量以及个人一氧化碳（CO）暴露情况进行了调查。在这个乡村，相对一致的气候和社会文化因素有助于研究家庭结构、与燃料相关的因素以及行为因素对空气污染的影响，以及不同空气质量指标之间的关系。我们对一氧化碳和可吸入颗粒物（RSP）进行的冬季实时测量，能够探究中国吉林省一个以家庭同时使用煤炭和生物质燃料以及几种“改良”（燃气或电力）燃料为特征的村庄的污染高峰期。我们的数据表明，1小时峰值PM（1.9毫克/立方米）浓度相对于24小时平均PM（0.31毫克/立方米）增加了6倍。1小时峰值CO浓度（20.5 ppm）通常接近并经常（27%）超过世界卫生组织1小时26 ppm的指导标准，尽管绝大多数（95%）厨房的24小时CO浓度在中国住宅室内空气质量指导标准范围内。取暖燃料的选择和家庭吸烟状况是室内空气质量的重要预测因素。无论是使用固体燃料还是“改良”（燃气或电力）燃料做饭，对空气污染的峰值和日均指标都有更强的影响，但与预期方向相反。CO和PM的污染高峰期浓度分别与CO和RSP的日均浓度密切相关。我们的结果表明，由于取暖在中国北方农村冬季室内空气质量的决定因素中起主要作用，仅提供改良烹饪燃料的以健康为导向的干预措施是不够的。我们的结果表明，污染高峰期浓度可能经常超过暴露规定和疏散限值，尽管本研究及之前的研究表明中国农村厨房典型的24小时CO浓度在指导标准范围内。在给定的村庄内，对于给定的污染物，日均污染物浓度可能是污染高峰期浓度的有力预测指标。
