Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Jun;237:625-638. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.054. Epub 2018 Mar 15.
Solid fuels, an important source of severe Household Air Pollution (HAP) linked to many adverse health outcomes, has been widely consumed around the world. China consumes large amounts of solid fuels and suffers from serious indoor and outdoor air pollution. Though global HAP issues had been reviewed in previous literatures, peer-reviewed Chinese publications were seldom included in those reviews. We conducted a literature review on the studies of HAP and personal exposure in rural China with inputs from peer-reviewed publications in both English and Chinese. A total of 36,572 articles were retrieved, 294 were read in full text, of which 92 were included in final data extraction and in-depth analysis. Although HAP is a very serious issue in China, studies on either HAP or personal exposure assessment were very limited. From existing studies, levels of air pollutants including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter (PM), organic carbon, elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc., in indoor and ambient air were analyzed for their temporal and spatial variations, and the differences across different fuel types were compared. The studies showed that PM and PAHs levels in most rural homes exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese National Standards, especially during the heating season in northern China. Replacing traditional fuels with cleaner ones (such as liquid petroleum gas (LPG), biogas or electricity) was considered as the most appropriate way to mitigate HAP. The daily exposure to PM and PAHs from using LPG, biogas or electricity was considerably lower than that from using traditional solid fuels. However, the level was still higher than the guideline values for PM and PAHs set by WHO to protect human health. To achieve a more effective control, the current data gap need to be closed and suggestions for future research were discussed in this review.
固体燃料是导致严重家庭空气污染（HAP）的重要因素之一，与许多不良健康后果有关，它在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用。中国消耗大量的固体燃料，深受室内外空气污染之害。尽管之前的文献已经综述了全球 HAP 问题，但这些综述很少纳入来自中国的同行评审出版物。我们对中国农村地区 HAP 和个人暴露的研究进行了文献综述，综述内容既包括英语文献，也包括中文文献。共检索到 36572 篇文章，其中 294 篇全文阅读，92 篇纳入最终的数据提取和深入分析。尽管 HAP 在中国是一个非常严重的问题，但对 HAP 或个人暴露评估的研究非常有限。从现有研究来看，分析了室内和环境空气中包括一氧化碳、二氧化硫、颗粒物（PM）、有机碳、元素碳、多环芳烃（PAHs）等空气污染物的时间和空间变化，并比较了不同燃料类型之间的差异。研究表明，大多数农村家庭的 PM 和 PAHs 水平超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）和中国国家标准，尤其是在中国北方的供暖季节。用清洁能源（如液化石油气（LPG）、沼气或电）替代传统燃料被认为是减轻 HAP 的最合适方法。使用 LPG、沼气或电的每日 PM 和 PAHs 暴露量明显低于使用传统固体燃料的暴露量。然而，这一水平仍高于世界卫生组织为保护人类健康而设定的 PM 和 PAHs 指导值。为了实现更有效的控制，需要缩小当前的数据差距，并在本次综述中讨论了未来研究的建议。
