Marshall Stephen W, Covassin Tracey, Dick Randall, Nassar Lawrence G, Agel Julie
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
J Athl Train. 2007 Apr-Jun;42(2):234-40.
To review 16 years of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) injury surveillance data for women's gymnastics and identify potential areas for injury prevention initiatives.
In the 1988-1989 academic year, 112 schools were sponsoring varsity women's gymnastics teams, with approximately 1550 participants. By 2003-2004, the number of varsity teams had decreased 23% to 86, involving 1380 participants. Significant participation reductions during this time were particularly apparent in Divisions II and III.
A significant annual average decrease was noted in competition (-4.0%, P < .01) but not in practice (-1.0%, P = .35) injury rates during the sample period. Over the 16 years, the rate of injury in competition was more than 2 times higher than in practice (15.19 versus 6.07 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures; rate ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3, 2.8). A total of 53% of all competition and 69% of all practice injuries were to the lower extremity. A participant was almost 6 times more likely to sustain a knee internal derangement injury in competition than in practice (rate ratio = 5.7, 95% CI = 4.5, 7.3) and almost 3 times more likely to sustain an ankle ligament sprain (rate ratio = 2.7, 95% CI = 2.1, 3.4). The majority of competition injuries (approximately 70%) resulted from either landings in floor exercises or dismounts.
Gymnasts with a previous history of ankle sprain should either wear an ankle brace or use prophylactic tape on their ankles to decrease the risk of recurrent injury. Preventive efforts may incorporate more neuromuscular training and core stability programs in the off-season and preseason conditioning to enhance proper landing and skill mechanics. Equipment manufacturers are encouraged to reevaluate the design of the landing mats to allow for better absorption of forces.
回顾美国大学生体育协会（NCAA）16年的女子体操伤病监测数据，确定预防伤病措施的潜在领域。
在1988 - 1989学年，112所学校赞助了大学女子体操队，约有1550名参与者。到2003 - 2004年，大学体操队数量减少了23%，降至86支，涉及1380名参与者。在此期间，参赛人数的显著减少在二级和三级联赛中尤为明显。
在样本期内，比赛中的伤病率有显著的年均下降（-4.0%，P <.01），但训练中的伤病率没有下降（-1.0%，P =.35）。在这16年中，比赛中的伤病率比训练中的伤病率高出2倍多（每1000次运动员暴露中有15.19次伤病，而训练中为6.07次；率比 = 2.5，95%置信区间[CI] = 2.3，2.8）。所有比赛伤病的53%和所有训练伤病的69%发生在下肢。一名参与者在比赛中发生膝关节内部紊乱损伤的可能性几乎是训练中的6倍（率比 = 5.7，95%CI = 4.5，7.3），发生踝关节韧带扭伤的可能性几乎是训练中的3倍（率比 = 2.7，95%CI = 2.1，3.4）。大多数比赛伤病（约70%）是由自由体操的落地或下法动作导致的。
有踝关节扭伤病史的体操运动员应佩戴踝关节护具或在脚踝上使用预防性胶带，以降低再次受伤的风险。预防措施可在休赛期和赛季前训练中纳入更多神经肌肉训练和核心稳定性训练项目，以改善正确的落地和技术动作。鼓励设备制造商重新评估落地垫的设计，以便更好地吸收冲击力。
