Bowley Nadia A, Pentz-Kluyts Megan A, Bourne Lesley T, Marino Louise V
Netcare National Dietetics Coordinator, Network Health Care Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa.
Matern Child Nutr. 2007 Oct;3(4):281-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00112.x.
Young children embark on a transitional nutritional journey, progressing from total reliance on caregivers to independence, autonomy and self-determination. Appropriate nutritional intake in young children is a diverse concept, incorporating suitable nutritional choices and feeding behaviours. Lessons learnt in childhood will have long-term effects on the individual and society overall. Since South African children are raised in a country where under- and over-nutrition exist simultaneously, a careful balance should be achieved in any national public health message. The South African paediatric food-based dietary guidelines for children younger than 7 years strive to facilitate the education of carers of young children in the adoption of healthy eating practices. The guidelines address issues regarding variety in the diet that has been shown to improve both micro- and macronutrient intakes. Specific reference is made to starchy foods, vegetables, fruit and water along with protein sources, which should be consumed regularly. Milk, has been emphasised in these guidelines because of the poor calcium intake in South African children. The only guideline that limits intake is the sweet treats or drinks message, because of public health concerns such as obesity and dental caries. Other messages pertaining to eating habits take cognisance of the child's physiological limitations in gastric capacity and suggest small regular meals. Clean, safe drinking water is the beverage of choice. Non-food-based guidelines are also included, which recognize the importance of active play, for developmental and health purposes, as well as regular clinic attendance.
幼儿开始了一段过渡性的营养之旅，从完全依赖照顾者逐渐走向独立、自主和自我决定。幼儿适当的营养摄入是一个多元化的概念，包括合适的营养选择和喂养行为。童年时期学到的经验教训将对个人乃至整个社会产生长期影响。由于南非儿童成长的国家同时存在营养不足和营养过剩的问题，因此在任何国家公共卫生信息中都应谨慎地实现平衡。南非针对7岁以下儿童的基于食物的膳食指南旨在促进对幼儿照顾者进行健康饮食实践教育。这些指南涉及饮食多样性的问题，已证明饮食多样性可改善微量营养素和宏量营养素的摄入。具体提到了淀粉类食物、蔬菜、水果和水以及蛋白质来源，这些都应定期食用。在这些指南中强调了牛奶，因为南非儿童钙摄入量较低。唯一限制摄入量的指南是关于甜食或饮料的内容，这是出于对肥胖和龋齿等公共卫生问题的考虑。其他与饮食习惯相关的信息考虑到了儿童胃容量的生理限制，并建议少食多餐。清洁、安全的饮用水是首选饮品。还包括非基于食物的指南，这些指南认识到积极玩耍对于发育和健康的重要性，以及定期就诊的重要性。
