Jain Kewal K
Jain PharmaBiotech, Basel, Switzerland.
Clin Chem. 2007 Nov;53(11):2002-9. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.090795. Epub 2007 Sep 21.
Nanobiotechnologies are being applied to molecular diagnostics and several technologies are in development.
This review describes nanobiotechnologies that are already incorporated in molecular diagnostics or have potential applications in clinical diagnosis. Selected promising technologies from published literature as well as some technologies that are in commercial development but have not been reported are included.
Nanotechnologies enable diagnosis at the single-cell and molecule levels, and some can be incorporated in current molecular diagnostic methods, such as biochips. Nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, are the most widely used, but various other nanotechnological devices for manipulation at the nanoscale as well as nanobiosensors are also promising for potential clinical applications.
Nanotechnologies will extend the limits of current molecular diagnostics and enable point-of-care diagnostics, integration of diagnostics with therapeutics, and development of personalized medicine. Although the potential diagnostic applications are unlimited, the most important current applications are foreseen in the areas of biomarker discovery, cancer diagnosis, and detection of infectious microorganisms. Safety studies are needed for in vivo use. Because of its close interrelationships with other technologies, nanobiotechnology in clinical diagnosis will play an important role in the development of nanomedicine in the future.
纳米生物技术正应用于分子诊断，并且有多种技术正在研发中。
本综述描述了已应用于分子诊断或在临床诊断中有潜在应用的纳米生物技术。纳入了从已发表文献中选取的有前景的技术以及一些处于商业开发阶段但尚未报道的技术。
纳米技术能够实现单细胞和分子水平的诊断，并且一些纳米技术可以整合到当前的分子诊断方法中，如生物芯片。纳米颗粒，如金纳米颗粒和量子点，是应用最为广泛的，但其他各种用于纳米级操作的纳米技术设备以及纳米生物传感器在潜在临床应用方面也很有前景。
纳米技术将扩展当前分子诊断的极限，并实现即时诊断、诊断与治疗的整合以及个性化医疗的发展。尽管潜在的诊断应用是无限的，但目前最重要的应用预计在生物标志物发现、癌症诊断和感染性微生物检测领域。体内使用需要进行安全性研究。由于其与其他技术的密切相互关系，纳米生物技术在临床诊断中将在未来纳米医学的发展中发挥重要作用。
