Frost J D, Shumate W H, Salamy J G, Booher C R
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1976 Apr;47(4):372-82.
The first objective measurements of man's ability to obtain adequate sleep during prolonged space flight were made during the three manned Skylab missions. EEG, EOG, and head-motion signals were acquired during sleep by use of an elastic recording cap containing sponge electrodes and an attached miniature preamplifier/accelerometer unit. A control-panel assembly, mounted in the sleep compartment, tested electrodes, preserved analog signals, and automatically analyzed data in real time (providing a telementered indication of sleep stage). One subject was studied during each manned mission and, while there was considerable variation among individuals, several characteristics were common to all three: stage 3 sleep increased during the flight and decreased in the postflight period; stage 4 was consistently decreased postflight, although this stage was variable during the flight; stage REM (rapid eye movement) was elevated, and REM latency decreased in the late postflight period (after day 3 postrecovery); and the number of awakenings during sleep either showed no change or decreased during the flight. In only the 28-d mission (Skylab 2) was there a significant decrease in total sleep time; in that case it was a result of voluntarily reduced rest time and was not due to difficulty in sleeping nor frequent awakening. The subject on the 84-d mission (Skylab 4) experienced more difficulty in the first half of the flight, showing a decreased total sleep time and increased sleep latency, but this resolved itself with time. Sleep latency presented no problem in the other flights. While many of the findings are statistically significant, in no case would they be expected to produce a noticeable decrement of performance capability. These findings suggest that men are able to obtain adequate sleep in regularly scheduled 8-h rest periods during extended space flights. It seems likely, based upon these results, that the problems encountered in earlier space flights did not arise from the zero-g environment per se but possibly were a result of more restricted living and working areas in the pre-Skylab spacecraft.
在三次载人天空实验室任务期间，首次对人类在长时间太空飞行中获得充足睡眠的能力进行了客观测量。睡眠期间，通过使用带有海绵电极和附加微型前置放大器/加速度计单元的弹性记录帽来采集脑电图（EEG）、眼电图（EOG）和头部运动信号。安装在睡眠舱内的控制面板组件对电极进行测试，保存模拟信号，并实时自动分析数据（提供睡眠阶段的遥测指示）。每次载人任务期间研究一名受试者，虽然个体之间存在相当大的差异，但所有三次任务都有几个共同特征：飞行期间3期睡眠增加，飞行后阶段减少；4期睡眠在飞行后阶段持续减少，尽管该阶段在飞行期间有所变化；快速眼动（REM）阶段升高，飞行后后期（恢复后第3天之后）REM潜伏期缩短；睡眠期间的觉醒次数要么没有变化，要么在飞行期间减少。只有在28天的任务（天空实验室2号）中，总睡眠时间有显著减少；在这种情况下，这是自愿减少休息时间的结果，并非由于睡眠困难或频繁觉醒。执行84天任务（天空实验室4号）的受试者在飞行前半段遇到了更多困难，总睡眠时间减少，睡眠潜伏期增加，但随着时间的推移这种情况自行解决。在其他飞行任务中，睡眠潜伏期没有问题。虽然许多研究结果具有统计学意义，但在任何情况下都预计它们不会导致性能能力出现明显下降。这些研究结果表明，在长时间太空飞行期间，人类能够在定期安排的8小时休息时间内获得充足睡眠。基于这些结果，早期太空飞行中遇到的问题似乎并非源于零重力环境本身，而是可能是天空实验室之前的航天器中生活和工作区域更为受限的结果。
