Garden Gwenn A, Möller Thomas
Department of Neurology and Center for Neurogenetics and Neurotherapeutics, University of Washington, Box 356465, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2006 Jun;1(2):127-37. doi: 10.1007/s11481-006-9015-5. Epub 2006 Mar 25.
Microglia cells are resident central nervous system (CNS) leukocytes that regulate innate immunity and participate in adaptive immune responses in CNS tissue. However, microglia cells also appear to play an important role during normal function of the mature nervous system. In response to injury, ischemia, and inflammatory stimuli, microglia cells assume an activated phenotype associated with proliferation, migration to the site of injury, phagocytosis of cellular debris, and elaboration (Power and Proudfoot 2001) of both neurotoxic and neurotrophic factors. Recent reports strongly suggest that regulating microglia function may be a fruitful future therapeutic target for the prevention of neurological dysfunction in a variety of CNS injuries and chronic diseases. Thus, developing a thorough understanding of extracellular signals that activate microglia as well as a complete catalogue of microglia responses to activating stimuli in both the healthy and diseased state are crucial scientific endeavors. This review presents the current understanding of the biology of microglia during normal CNS function as well as in response to CNS injury or neurodegenerative disease. In addition, microglia modulate both the activation and down-regulation of the adaptive immune response in the CNS. Evidence that microglia cells play a primary role in regulating CNS immune responses will also be discussed.
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）中的常驻白细胞，可调节先天性免疫并参与CNS组织中的适应性免疫反应。然而，小胶质细胞在成熟神经系统的正常功能中似乎也起着重要作用。在对损伤、缺血和炎症刺激的反应中，小胶质细胞呈现出一种活化表型，与增殖、迁移至损伤部位、吞噬细胞碎片以及分泌（Power和Proudfoot，2001年）神经毒性和神经营养因子有关。最近的报告强烈表明，调节小胶质细胞功能可能是预防各种CNS损伤和慢性疾病中神经功能障碍的一个富有成效的未来治疗靶点。因此，深入了解激活小胶质细胞的细胞外信号以及小胶质细胞在健康和疾病状态下对激活刺激的完整反应目录是至关重要的科学努力。本综述介绍了目前对正常CNS功能期间以及对CNS损伤或神经退行性疾病反应时小胶质细胞生物学的理解。此外，小胶质细胞调节CNS中适应性免疫反应的激活和下调。还将讨论小胶质细胞在调节CNS免疫反应中起主要作用的证据。
