Tipton Kevin D, Jeukendrup Asker E, Hespel Peter
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2007;25 Suppl 1:S5-15. doi: 10.1080/02640410701607205.
The primary roles for nutrition in sprints are for recovery from training and competition and influencing training adaptations. Sprint success is determined largely by the power-to-mass ratio, so sprinters aim to increase muscle mass and power. However, extra mass that does not increase power may be detrimental. Energy and protein intake are important for increasing muscle mass. If energy balance is maintained, increased mass and strength are possible on a wide range of protein intakes, so energy intake is crucial. Most sprinters likely consume ample protein. The quantity of energy and protein intake necessary for optimal training adaptations depends on the individual athlete and training demands; specific recommendations for all sprinters are, at best, useless, and are potentially harmful. However, if carbohydrate and fat intake are sufficient to maintain energy levels, then increased protein intake is unlikely to be detrimental. The type and timing of protein intake and nutrients ingested concurrently must be considered when designing optimal nutritional strategies for increasing muscle mass and power. On race day, athletes should avoid foods that result in gastrointestinal discomfort, dehydration or sluggishness. Several supplements potentially influence sprint training or performance. Beta-alanine and bicarbonate may be useful as buffering agents in longer sprints. Creatine may be efficacious for increasing muscle mass and strength and perhaps increasing intensity of repeat sprint performance during training.
营养在短跑中的主要作用是促进训练和比赛后的恢复以及影响训练适应性。短跑的成功很大程度上取决于功率质量比，因此短跑运动员旨在增加肌肉质量和力量。然而，增加的体重若不能提高功率可能会产生不利影响。能量和蛋白质摄入对于增加肌肉质量很重要。如果保持能量平衡，在广泛的蛋白质摄入量范围内都有可能增加体重和力量，所以能量摄入至关重要。大多数短跑运动员可能摄入了充足的蛋白质。实现最佳训练适应性所需的能量和蛋白质摄入量取决于个体运动员和训练需求；为所有短跑运动员提供具体建议，往好里说是无用的，甚至可能有害。然而，如果碳水化合物和脂肪摄入量足以维持能量水平，那么增加蛋白质摄入不太可能产生不利影响。在设计增加肌肉质量和力量的最佳营养策略时，必须考虑蛋白质摄入的类型和时间以及同时摄入的其他营养素。在比赛日，运动员应避免食用会导致胃肠道不适、脱水或身体乏力的食物。几种补充剂可能会影响短跑训练或表现。β-丙氨酸和碳酸氢盐在较长距离的短跑中可能作为缓冲剂有用。肌酸可能有助于增加肌肉质量和力量，或许还能提高训练期间重复短跑表现的强度。
