Bishop David
Faculty of Motor Science, University of Verona, via Casorati 43, Verona, Italy.
Sports Med. 2008;38(3):253-63. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838030-00005.
Sport science can be thought of as a scientific process used to guide the practice of sport with the ultimate aim of improving sporting performance. However, despite this goal, the general consensus is that the translation of sport-science research to practice is poor. Furthermore, researchers have been criticised for failing to study problems relevant to practitioners and for disseminating findings that are difficult to implement within a practical setting. This paper proposes that the situation may be improved by the adoption of a model that guides the direction of research required to build our evidence base about how to improve performance. Central to the Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences (ARMSS) described in this report is the idea that only research leading to practices that can and will be adopted can improve sporting performance. The eight stages of the proposed model are (i) defining the problem; (ii) descriptive research; (iii) predictors of performance; (iv) experimental testing of predictors; (v) determinants of key performance predictors; (vi) efficacy studies; (vii) examination of barriers to uptake; and (viii) implementation studies in a real sporting setting. It is suggested that, from the very inception, researchers need to consider how their research findings might ultimately be adapted to the intended population, in the actual sporting setting, delivered by persons with diverse training and skills, and using the available resources. It is further argued in the model that a greater understanding of the literature and more mechanistic studies are essential to inform subsequent research conducted in real sporting settings. The proposed ARMSS model therefore calls for a fundamental change in the way in which many sport scientists think about the research process. While there is no guarantee that application of this proposed research model will improve actual sports performance, anecdotal evidence suggests that sport-science research is not currently informing sport-science practice as we would hope and that sport-science researchers need to consider a new approach.
体育科学可以被视为一个科学过程，用于指导体育实践，其最终目标是提高运动成绩。然而，尽管有这个目标，但普遍的共识是体育科学研究在实践中的转化情况不佳。此外，研究人员因未能研究与从业者相关的问题以及传播在实际环境中难以实施的研究结果而受到批评。本文提出，采用一种指导研究方向的模型可能会改善这种情况，该研究方向是建立我们关于如何提高成绩的证据基础所必需的。本报告中描述的体育科学应用研究模型（ARMSS）的核心思想是，只有导致能够且将会被采用的实践的研究才能提高运动成绩。所提出模型的八个阶段是：（i）定义问题；（ii）描述性研究；（iii）成绩预测因素；（iv）预测因素的实验测试；（v）关键成绩预测因素的决定因素；（vi）效果研究；（vii）采用障碍的检查；以及（viii）在实际体育环境中的实施研究。建议从一开始，研究人员就需要考虑他们的研究结果最终如何在实际体育环境中，由具有不同培训和技能的人员，利用可用资源，适用于目标人群。该模型还进一步指出，对文献有更深入的理解和更多的机制性研究对于为在实际体育环境中进行的后续研究提供信息至关重要。因此，所提出的ARMSS模型要求许多体育科学家思考研究过程的方式发生根本性变化。虽然不能保证应用这个提议的研究模型会提高实际运动成绩，但轶事证据表明，目前体育科学研究并没有如我们所愿地为体育科学实践提供信息，体育科学研究人员需要考虑一种新方法。
