Dhama K, Mahendran Mahesh, Gupta P K, Rai A
Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India.
Vet Res Commun. 2008 Jun;32(5):341-56. doi: 10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3. Epub 2008 Apr 19.
Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky's disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.
接种编码感染因子免疫原性蛋白基因的质粒DNA，是开发预防动物传染病新一代疫苗的一种新方法。DNA疫苗在母源抗体存在时发挥作用的潜力、其稳定性和成本效益以及无需冷链保存，都增加了其应用前景。尽管核酸疫苗已经取得了很大进展，但在其全面实际应用方面仍有许多领域需要进一步研究。主要关注领域包括疫苗递送、合适载体的设计以及细胞毒性T细胞反应。此外，由于缺乏关于体内表达蛋白质浓度的知识，DNA疫苗诱导免疫反应的情况尚无定论。需要进一步探索具有更高转染效率的替代递送系统以及使用细胞因子作为免疫调节剂。最近，人们正在努力调节和延长树突状细胞的活性寿命，以使抗原呈递更有效。为了对抗人类的获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）、流感、疟疾和结核病；以及动物的口蹄疫、奥杰斯基病、猪瘟、狂犬病、犬瘟热和布鲁氏菌病，DNA疫苗临床试验正在进行。本综述强调了DNA疫苗的显著特点以及提高其效力的措施，以便设计出一种针对动物疾病的有效且新颖的疫苗接种策略。
