Haymes E M
Department of Nutrition, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306.
Int J Sport Nutr. 1991 Jun;1(2):146-69. doi: 10.1123/ijsn.1.2.146.
Vitamin and mineral supplements are frequently used by competitive and recreational athletes. Dietary deficiencies of most vitamins are not very common among athletes except in those who restrict their food intake in order to maintain body weight. Vitamins most likely to be deficient in the diet are folate, B6, B12, and E. Biochemical evidence of vitamin deficiencies in some athletes have been reported for thiamine, riboflavin, and B6. When the diet is deficient, vitamin supplements may improve performance but are not likely to be effective if the dietary intake is adequate. Some female athletes' diets are low in calcium, iron, and zinc. Low calcium intake may reduce peak bone mass in young women. Iron deficiency may impair performance and needs to be corrected with an iron supplement. Zinc supplements that exceed the RDA interfere with the absorption of copper and lower HDL-cholesterol.
竞技运动员和业余运动员经常服用维生素和矿物质补充剂。除了那些为了控制体重而限制食物摄入量的运动员外，大多数维生素的饮食缺乏在运动员中并不常见。饮食中最有可能缺乏的维生素是叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12和维生素E。有报道称，一些运动员存在硫胺素、核黄素和维生素B6缺乏的生化证据。当饮食缺乏时，维生素补充剂可能会提高运动表现，但如果饮食摄入量充足，补充剂可能不会有效果。一些女运动员的饮食中钙、铁和锌含量较低。钙摄入量低可能会降低年轻女性的峰值骨量。缺铁可能会损害运动表现，需要通过补充铁剂来纠正。超过推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）的锌补充剂会干扰铜的吸收，并降低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-胆固醇）水平。
