Whitney Nicholas P, Eidem Tess M, Peng Hui, Huang Yunlong, Zheng Jialin C
Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
J Neurochem. 2009 Mar;108(6):1343-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05886.x. Epub 2009 Jan 19.
Brain inflammation is a complex cellular and molecular response to stress, injury or infection of the CNS in attempt to defend against insults, clear dead and damaged neurons and return the CNS to a normal state. Inflammation in the CNS is driven by the activation of resident microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral macrophages, which release a plethora of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, neurotransmitters and reactive oxygen species. This inflammatory state inadvertently causes further bystander damage to neurons and produces both detrimental and favorable conditions for neurogenesis. Inflammatory factors have varying effects on neural progenitor cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival and incorporation of newly born neurons into the CNS circuitry. The unique profile of inflammatory factors, which depends on the severity of inflammation, can have varying consequences on neurogenesis. Inflammatory factors released during mild acute inflammation usually stimulate neurogenesis; where as the factors released by uncontrolled inflammation create an environment that is detrimental to neurogenesis. This review will provide a summary of current progress in this emerging field and examine the potential mechanisms through which inflammation affects neurogenesis during neurological complications.
脑炎症是中枢神经系统（CNS）对压力、损伤或感染的一种复杂细胞和分子反应，旨在抵御侵害、清除死亡和受损神经元并使中枢神经系统恢复到正常状态。中枢神经系统中的炎症由驻留的小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞以及浸润的外周巨噬细胞的激活所驱动，这些细胞释放大量抗炎和促炎细胞因子、趋化因子、神经递质和活性氧物质。这种炎症状态无意中会对神经元造成进一步的旁观者损伤，并为神经发生产生有害和有利的条件。炎症因子对神经祖细胞的增殖、迁移、分化、存活以及新生神经元融入中枢神经系统回路具有不同影响。炎症因子的独特特征取决于炎症的严重程度，可能对神经发生产生不同的后果。轻度急性炎症期间释放的炎症因子通常会刺激神经发生；而不受控制的炎症所释放的因子则会营造一个对神经发生有害的环境。本综述将总结这一新兴领域的当前进展，并探讨炎症在神经系统并发症期间影响神经发生的潜在机制。
