Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Mol Ecol. 2009 Mar;18(5):817-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04030.x.
The deadly poisonous Amanita phalloides is common along the west coast of North America. Death cap mushrooms are especially abundant in habitats around the San Francisco Bay, California, but the species grows as far south as Los Angeles County and north to Vancouver Island, Canada. At different times, various authors have considered the species as either native or introduced, and the question of whether A. phalloides is an invasive species remains unanswered. We developed four novel loci and used these in combination with the EF1α and IGS loci to explore the phylogeography of the species. The data provide strong evidence for a European origin of North American populations. Genetic diversity is generally greater in European vs. North American populations, suggestive of a genetic bottleneck; polymorphic sites of at least two loci are only polymorphic within Europe although the number of individuals sampled from Europe was half the number sampled from North America. Endemic alleles are not a feature of North American populations, although alleles unique to different parts of Europe were common and were discovered in Scandinavian, mainland French, and Corsican individuals. Many of these endemic European haplotypes were found together at single sites in California. Early collections of A. phalloides dated prior to 1963 and annotated using sequences of the ITS locus proved to be different species of Amanita. The first Californian collections that we confirmed as A. phalloides were made from the Del Monte Hotel (now the Naval Postgraduate School) in Monterey, and on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, in 1938 and in 1945. These historical data are used in combination with data on A. phalloides' current distribution to estimate a rate of spread for A. phalloides in California. Many species of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have been introduced across and among continents, but with this evidence, the death cap becomes the only known invasive EM fungus in North America.
剧毒鹅膏菌在北美西海岸很常见。毒蝇伞在加利福尼亚州旧金山湾周围的栖息地尤为丰富，但该物种向南延伸至洛杉矶县，向北延伸至加拿大温哥华岛。不同时期，不同作者认为该物种是本地种或引入种，毒蝇伞是否为入侵种的问题仍未得到解答。我们开发了四个新的基因座，并结合 EF1α 和 IGS 基因座来研究该物种的系统地理学。数据为北美种群的欧洲起源提供了有力证据。欧洲种群的遗传多样性普遍大于北美种群，这表明存在遗传瓶颈；尽管从欧洲采样的个体数量是从北美采样数量的一半，但至少有两个基因座的多态性位点仅在欧洲是多态的。欧洲种群没有特有等位基因，尽管欧洲不同地区特有的等位基因很常见，并且在斯堪的纳维亚、法国大陆和科西嘉岛个体中都有发现。这些特有欧洲单倍型中的许多在加利福尼亚的单个地点同时出现。早至 1963 年之前采集的并使用 ITS 基因座序列注释的鹅膏菌标本被证明是不同的鹅膏菌物种。我们确认的加利福尼亚州最早的鹅膏菌标本分别来自蒙特雷的德尔蒙特酒店（现为海军研究生院）和加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校，采集时间分别为 1938 年和 1945 年。这些历史数据与鹅膏菌当前分布的数据相结合，用于估计加利福尼亚州鹅膏菌的传播速度。许多外生菌根（EM）真菌已在各大洲之间和内部被引入，但有了这些证据，毒蝇伞成为了北美唯一已知的入侵 EM 真菌。
