Palacios C, Joshipura Kj, Willett Wc
Nutrition Program, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR.
Oral Dis. 2009 Sep;15(6):369-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01571.x. Epub 2009 May 15.
Good nutrition is vital to overall health, and poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nutritional factors are implicated in many oral and systemic diseases and conditions, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, dental caries and some cancers including oral cancers. This review focuses on the evidence for the relations between key nutritional factors and health. Energy intake is related to body weight and obesity, highlighting the importance of lower-energy diets and regular physical activity for body weight maintenance and for preventing obesity. Evidence is presented for the health benefits of high quality carbohydrates, such as whole grain products, and fruits and vegetables, in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The adverse effects of sugar, sweetened beverages, and trans and saturated fats on several diseases including caries, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are described. The health benefits of unsaturated fats, antioxidants, B vitamins and vitamin D in cardiovascular disease, periodontitis, cancer, and other conditions are documented. Both benefits and harmful effects of dairy product intake on health are discussed. Based on the evidence, nutritional guidelines are provided, as well as key recommendations for preventing obesity. Dentists can play a critical role in motivating and enabling healthy food choices.
良好的营养对整体健康至关重要，而不良饮食和久坐不动的生活方式是全球发病和死亡的主要原因。营养因素与许多口腔和全身性疾病及状况有关，包括肥胖、高血压、血脂异常、II型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨质疏松症、龋齿以及一些癌症，包括口腔癌。本综述重点关注关键营养因素与健康之间关系的证据。能量摄入与体重和肥胖有关，凸显了低能量饮食和定期体育活动对维持体重及预防肥胖的重要性。文中列举了优质碳水化合物（如全谷物产品）以及水果和蔬菜对降低心血管疾病和癌症风险的健康益处。描述了糖、含糖饮料以及反式脂肪和饱和脂肪对包括龋齿、糖尿病和心血管疾病在内的多种疾病的不良影响。记录了不饱和脂肪、抗氧化剂、B族维生素和维生素D对心血管疾病、牙周炎、癌症及其他状况的健康益处。讨论了乳制品摄入对健康的利弊。基于这些证据，提供了营养指南以及预防肥胖的关键建议。牙医在激励和促使人们选择健康食品方面可发挥关键作用。
