Thompson Frances E, McNeel Timothy S, Dowling Emily C, Midthune Douglas, Morrissette Meredith, Zeruto Christopher A
National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Applied Research Program, Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch, 6130 Executive Blvd, EPN 4095A, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Aug;109(8):1376-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.002.
The consumption of added sugars (eg, white sugar, brown sugar, and high-fructose corn syrup) displaces nutrient-dense foods in the diet. The intake of added sugars in the United States is excessive. Little is known about the predictors of added sugar intake.
To examine the independent relationships of socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity with added sugar intake, and to evaluate the consistency of relationships using a short instrument to those from a different survey using more precise dietary assessment.
Cross-sectional, nationally representative, interviewer-administered survey.
SUBJECTS/SETTING: Adults (aged > or = 18 years) participating in the 2005 US National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplement responding to four added sugars questions (n=28,948).
The intake of added sugars was estimated using validated scoring algorithms. Multivariate analysis incorporating sample weights and design effects was conducted. Least squares means and confidence intervals, and significance tests using Wald F statistics are presented. Analyses were stratified by sex and controlled for potential confounders.
The intake of added sugars was higher among men than women and inversely related to age, educational status, and family income. Asian Americans had the lowest intake and Hispanics the next lowest intake. Among men, African Americans had the highest intake, although whites and American Indians/Alaskan Natives also had high intakes. Among women, African Americans and American Indians/Alaskan Natives had the highest intakes. Intake of added sugars was inversely related to educational attainment in whites, African Americans, Hispanic men, and American Indians/Alaskan Native men, but was unrelated in Asian Americans. These findings were generally consistent with relationships in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 (using one or two 24-hour dietary recalls).
Race/ethnicity, family income, and educational status are independently associated with intake of added sugars. Groups with low income and education are particularly vulnerable to diets with high added sugars. Differences among race/ethnicity groups suggest that interventions to reduce intake of added sugars should be tailored. The National Health Interview Survey added sugars questions with accompanying scoring algorithms appear to provide an affordable and useful means of assessing relationships between various factors and added sugars intake.
添加糖（如白糖、红糖和高果糖玉米糖浆）的摄入会取代饮食中营养丰富的食物。美国添加糖的摄入量过高。关于添加糖摄入量的预测因素知之甚少。
研究社会经济地位和种族/民族与添加糖摄入量之间的独立关系，并使用一种简短工具评估这些关系与另一项采用更精确饮食评估的调查结果之间的一致性。
横断面、具有全国代表性、由访员实施的调查。
研究对象/背景：参与2005年美国国家健康访谈调查癌症控制补充调查、回答四个关于添加糖问题的成年人（年龄≥18岁）（n = 28,948）。
使用经过验证的评分算法估计添加糖的摄入量。进行了纳入样本权重和设计效应的多变量分析。给出了最小二乘均值和置信区间，以及使用Wald F统计量的显著性检验。分析按性别分层，并对潜在混杂因素进行了控制。
男性添加糖的摄入量高于女性，且与年龄、教育程度和家庭收入呈负相关。亚裔美国人的摄入量最低，西班牙裔的摄入量次之。在男性中，非裔美国人的摄入量最高，不过白人和美洲印第安人/阿拉斯加原住民的摄入量也很高。在女性中，非裔美国人和美洲印第安人/阿拉斯加原住民的摄入量最高。白人、非裔美国人、西班牙裔男性和美洲印第安人/阿拉斯加原住民男性的添加糖摄入量与教育程度呈负相关，但亚裔美国人则无此关联。这些发现与2003 - 2004年美国国家健康和营养检查调查（使用一次或两次24小时饮食回顾）中的关系总体一致。
种族/民族、家庭收入和教育程度与添加糖的摄入量独立相关。低收入和低教育程度群体特别容易摄入高添加糖的饮食。种族/民族群体之间的差异表明，减少添加糖摄入量的干预措施应量身定制。美国国家健康访谈调查中关于添加糖的问题及配套的评分算法似乎提供了一种经济实惠且有用的方法，用于评估各种因素与添加糖摄入量之间的关系。
