Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
J Nutr. 2010 Feb;140(2):325-32. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.112763. Epub 2009 Dec 2.
This study built on limited knowledge about patterns and trends of adult snacking in the US. We selected adults aged 19 y and older (n = 44,754) between 1977-1978 and 2003-2006 with results weighted and adjusted for sample design effects. Differences testing, by a Student's t test, used STATA 10 (P < or = 0.01). We defined a snacking event as intake of foods over a 15-min period and excluded food defined as snacks but eaten at a meal. Dietary data were obtained from the first 2 d for the 1977-1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS 77) and the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII 89); and 2-d dietary data from the 1994-1996 CSFII (CSFII 96) and the NHANES from 2 consecutive surveys: NHANES 2003-2004 and NHANES 2005-2006 (NHANES 03-06). Results showed that snacking prevalence increased significantly from 71 to 97% in 2003-2006 with increases in both the 1989-1994 and the 1994-2006 periods. In all adults, snacking occasions increased 0.97 events over this time period (P < 0.01) and the contribution of snacks to total energy intake increased from 18 to 24% (P < 0.01). The energy density of snacks (food plus beverages) also increased progressively over the time period studied. Important changes in snacking food sources were found among desserts, salty snacks, candies, and sweetened beverages. More research is needed to gain a better understanding of the implications for overall energy intake and energy imbalance.
这项研究建立在美国成年人零食模式和趋势的有限知识基础上。我们选择了 1977-1978 年和 2003-2006 年之间年龄在 19 岁及以上的成年人（n=44754），并对样本设计效果进行了加权和调整。使用 STATA 10（P<0.01）通过学生 t 检验进行差异检验。我们将零食事件定义为在 15 分钟内摄入的食物，并排除了被定义为零食但在一餐中食用的食物。饮食数据来自 1977-1978 年全国食物消费调查（NFCS 77）和 1989-1991 年个人饮食摄入连续调查（CSFII 89）的前 2 天；以及 1994-1996 年 CSFII（CSFII 96）和 2 项连续调查的 NHANES 的 2 天饮食数据：NHANES 2003-2004 年和 NHANES 2005-2006 年（NHANES 03-06）。结果表明，2003-2006 年零食的流行率从 71%显著增加到 97%，1989-1994 年和 1994-2006 年期间均有所增加。在所有成年人中，在此期间零食次数增加了 0.97 次（P<0.01），零食对总能量摄入的贡献从 18%增加到 24%（P<0.01）。零食（食物加饮料）的能量密度也在研究期间逐渐增加。在甜点、咸点、糖果和加糖饮料等零食来源方面发现了重要变化。需要进一步研究，以更好地了解对总能量摄入和能量失衡的影响。
