Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, United States.
Addict Behav. 2010 Apr;35(4):343-9. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.003. Epub 2009 Dec 31.
Harm reduction approaches may benefit from research extending the exploration of predictors of alcohol use per se to those components most directly related to alcohol-related harm. This investigation evaluated the relationship between perceived injunctive norms of alcohol use (level of approval of drinking behaviors in specific situations) and the experience of alcohol-related consequences as a function of typical student reference groups at increasing levels of similarity to the respondent: based on race, gender, Greek status, and combinations of these dimensions, as well as parents, close friends, and the students' own attitudes. Participants were 3753 students (61% female) from two campuses who completed an online survey. Preliminary analyses determined that there were no differences in the relationship between perceived injunctive norms and consequences across the eight student groups of varying specificity, thus all eight levels were combined into one variable of perceived student injunctive norms. However, the relationship between this variable and consequences was weaker than the perceived attitudes of more proximal referents (parents, close friends, as well as their own personal attitudes). Subsequent analyses predicting consequences while controlling for demographic variables and drinking level, revealed that perceived injunctive norms for students, parents, and close friends as well as personal attitudes each significantly predicted consequences. Results suggest an important role for perceived injunctive norms in the experiencing of consequences over and above the amount of consumption and point to types of injunctive norms feedback that might form effective interventions (i.e., incorporating close friend and parent feedback as well as general student feedback).
减少伤害的方法可能会受益于研究，即将对饮酒本身的预测因素的探索扩展到与酒精相关伤害最直接相关的因素。本研究评估了感知的饮酒规范（在特定情况下对饮酒行为的认可程度）与经历酒精相关后果之间的关系，这些后果与参考群体的相似程度有关，这些参考群体包括：根据种族、性别、希腊地位以及这些维度的组合，以及父母、亲密朋友以及学生自己的态度。参与者是来自两个校区的 3753 名学生（女性占 61%），他们完成了一项在线调查。初步分析确定，在八个不同特定程度的学生群体中，感知的规范与后果之间的关系没有差异，因此将这八个水平合并为一个感知学生规范的变量。然而，与更接近的参照者（父母、亲密朋友以及他们自己的个人态度）的态度相比，这个变量与后果之间的关系较弱。随后的分析表明，在控制人口统计学变量和饮酒水平的情况下，预测后果，感知到的学生规范、父母规范和亲密朋友规范以及个人态度都能显著预测后果。结果表明，感知到的规范在经历后果方面的作用比饮酒量更为重要，并指出了可能形成有效干预措施的规范反馈类型（即纳入亲密朋友和父母的反馈以及一般学生的反馈）。
