Issurin V B
Elite Sport Department at the Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sport, Netanya Israel.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Dec;49(4):333-45.
The present review deals with training effects produced by training pieces of different duration. Athletes' responses to training workloads can be considered hierarchically, where the most intimate level encompasses changes produced at the cellular and molecular levels, while the generalized level summarizes the most integrative training outcomes, which characterize athletes' adaptability, preparedness and readiness for forthcoming workloads. These training outcomes, called generalized training effects (GTE) are considered to be closely linked with duration and mode of training workloads. Summarizing earlier and more recent publications, GTEs are categorized as acute, immediate, cumulative, delayed and residual training effects, which encompass changes induced by 1) a single exercise; 2) a single workout or training day; 3) a series of workouts; or 4) obtained over a given time interval after a program completion ; or (5) changes retained after cessation of training beyond a give time period. Each one these GTEs has a three-fold characterization:1) variables of executed workloads; 2) athletes' responses to workloads and training-induced changes in their state; 3) changes in athletic performance as described by sport specific indicators. Although the concept of GTE is far from complete in terms of an understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the short-, medium-, and long-term changes caused by athletic training, a number of fundamental theories and statements contribute to its scientific background. They are Cannon's theory of homeostasis; Salye's theory of stress adaptation; Weigert's law of supercompensation; and Lamarck's classic theory of evolution regarding the "use" and "disuse" of any organ or function.
本综述探讨了不同时长训练片段所产生的训练效果。运动员对训练负荷的反应可从层次角度进行考量，其中最微观的层面包括细胞和分子水平上产生的变化，而宏观层面则总结了最综合的训练成果，这些成果表征了运动员对即将到来的负荷的适应性、准备状态和就绪程度。这些被称为广义训练效果（GTE）的训练成果被认为与训练负荷的时长和模式密切相关。综合早期和近期的出版物，GTE可分为急性、即时、累积、延迟和残余训练效果，它们涵盖了由以下因素引起的变化：1）单次运动；2）单次训练课或训练日；3）一系列训练课；4）在一个训练计划完成后的给定时间间隔内获得的变化；或（5）在训练停止超过给定时间段后仍保留的变化。每一种GTE都有三个方面的特征：1）所执行负荷的变量；2）运动员对负荷的反应以及训练引起的其状态变化；3）由特定运动指标描述的运动表现变化。尽管就理解运动训练引起的短期、中期和长期变化背后的生理机制而言，GTE的概念还远未完善，但一些基础理论和陈述为其提供了科学背景。它们是坎农的稳态理论；萨利的应激适应理论；魏格特的超量恢复定律；以及拉马克关于任何器官或功能的“用进废退”的经典进化理论。
