Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, Norway.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Mar 15;408(8):1915-24. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.042. Epub 2010 Feb 13.
We present an assessment of the dynamics in the influent concentration of hormones (estrone, estriol) and antibiotics (trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin) in the liquid phase including the efficiency of biological municipal wastewater treatment. The concentration of estradiol, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, chlortetracycline, cefuroxime, cyclophosphamide, and ifosfamide were below the limit of detection in all of the sewage samples collected within this study. Two different types of diurnal variation pattern were identified in the influent mass loads of selected antibiotics and hormones that effectively correlate with daily drug administration patterns and with the expected maximum human hormone release, respectively. The occurrence of natural hormones and antimicrobials, administered every 12 hours, shows a daily trend of decreasing contaminant mass load, having the maximum values in the morning hours. The occurrence of antibiotics, typically administered every 8 hours, indicates a daily peak value in samples collected under the highest hydraulic loading. The efficiency of biological removal of both hormones and antibiotics is shown to be limited. Compared to the values obtained in the influent samples, increased concentrations are observed in the biologically treated effluent for trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, mainly as a result of deconjugation processes. Ciprofloxacin is shown as the predominant antimicrobial compound in the effluent, and it is present at quantities approximately 10 fold greater than the total mass of the other of the compounds due to poor removal efficiency and alternating solid-liquid partitioning behaviour. Our results suggest that, to increase the micro-pollutant removal and the chemical dosing efficiency in enhanced tertiary treatment, significant benefits can be derived from the optimisation of reactor design and the development of control schemes that accounts for diurnal secondary effluent micro-pollutant and hydraulic loading patterns.
我们评估了激素（雌酮、雌三醇）和抗生素（甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑、四环素、环丙沙星）在液相中的浓度变化，包括生物市政污水处理的效率。在本研究中收集的所有污水样本中，均未检测到雌二醇、17-α-乙炔基雌二醇、强力霉素、土霉素、去甲金霉素、金霉素、头孢呋辛、环磷酰胺和异环磷酰胺的浓度。在所选择的抗生素和激素的进水质量负荷中，确定了两种不同类型的日变化模式，这两种模式分别与每日药物给药模式和预期的最大人体激素释放有效相关。天然激素和抗生素的出现，每 12 小时给药一次，显示出污染物质量负荷逐日下降的趋势，在早晨达到最大值。通常每 8 小时给药一次的抗生素，表明在水力负荷最高时采集的样本中出现了每日峰值。生物去除激素和抗生素的效率显示是有限的。与进水样本中获得的值相比，在经过生物处理的出水中，甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑和环丙沙星的浓度增加，这主要是由于去结合过程。环丙沙星是出水中主要的抗菌化合物，由于去除效率差和固液交替分配行为，其浓度约为其他化合物总质量的 10 倍。我们的研究结果表明，为了提高强化三级处理中的微污染物去除率和化学加药效率，可以从优化反应器设计和开发控制方案中获得显著的收益，该方案可以考虑到二级出水中微污染物和水力负荷的日变化模式。
