Effects of tutors with subject expertise on the problem-based tutorial process.

With the increased interest in problem-based, small-group learning in medical education, a debate has arisen about whether the tutor should be an expert in the subject under discussion. This 1988 study at Harvard Medical School demonstrates that tutors' expertise has important effects on the process of discussion in a problem-based tutorial. In comparing discussions of subjects in which the tutors described themselves as expert with those in which they did not, the authors found that the tutors with expertise tended to take a more directive role in tutorials: they spoke more often and for longer periods, provided more direct answers to the students' questions, and suggested more of the topics for discussion. Tutor-to-student exchanges predominated, with less student-to-student discussion. These effects endanger an important goal of problem-based learning: the development of students' skills in active, self-directed learning.