Department of Mycology and Physiology, Institute of Botany SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010 May;27(5):738-47. doi: 10.1080/19440040903571754.
This paper describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia winemaking areas in two different periods of the harvest year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium, while the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius-with 'crystals' and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate were identified; these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition, a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks.
本文描述了首次从 2008 年收获季节的两个不同时期在斯洛伐克六个最重要的酿酒区中的三个地区采集的葡萄浆果中重新分离出的产毒真菌的部分图谱。2008 年 7 月，低温和高相对湿度有利于引起腐烂的葡萄真菌病的发展，这些腐烂病包括 Plasmopara、Uncinula、Botrytis、Metasphaeria、Elsinoë 和 Saccharomycetes。在所分析的样本中，鉴定出以下产毒真菌属的范围为 1-4%：曲霉属、交链孢属、枝孢属、层出镰孢属、镰孢属、青霉属、根霉属、匐枝根霉属和木霉属，而曲霉属、交链孢属、镰孢属和青霉属的范围为 11-29%。鉴定出黑曲霉、炭黑曲霉、带有“晶体”的炭黑曲霉某些菌株和单轮枝孢属菌株；这些物种被认为是产赭曲霉毒素的（能够产生不同量的毒素）。此外，还鉴定出非产赭曲霉毒素的 Ibericus 曲霉属菌株和能够生物合成少量伏马菌素、 beauvericin 和 enniatins 的镰孢属菌株。产桔青霉素的扩展青霉属代表了青霉属中 29.7%的 Penicillium expansum，与 P. verrucosum、P. glabrum、P. citrinum 和 P. crustosum 一起。对葡萄样本进行了主要毒素（赭曲霉毒素 A、伏马菌素、 beauvericin、 enniatins 和 fusaproliferin）的鉴定和定量分析，结果与真菌学分析一致。应逐年检查产毒真菌，并将其与所有环境因素的发生情况进行比较，以避免健康风险。
