Rodrigues Marcio L, Nimrichter Leonardo, Oliveira Debora L, Nosanchuk Joshua D, Casadevall Arturo
Lipid Insights. 2008 Aug;2:27-40. doi: 10.4137/lpi.s1000.
Fungal cells are encaged in rigid, complex cell walls. Until recently, there was remarkably little information regarding the trans-fungal cell wall transfer of intracellular macromolecules to the extracellular space. Recently, several studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that fungal cells utilize to secrete a wide variety of macromolecules through the cell wall. The combined use of transmission electron microscopy, serology, biochemistry, proteomics and lipidomics have revealed that the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Sporothrix schenckii, as well as the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each produces extracellular vesicles that carry lipids, proteins, polysaccharides and pigment-like structures of unquestionable biological significance. Compositional analysis of the C. neoformans and H. capsulatum extracellular vesicles suggests that they may function as 'virulence bags', with the potential to modulate the host-pathogen interaction in favor of the fungus. The cellular origin of the extracellular vesicles remains unknown, but morphological and biochemical features indicate that they are similar to the well-described mammalian exosomes.
真菌细胞被包裹在坚硬、复杂的细胞壁中。直到最近，关于细胞内大分子通过真菌细胞壁转运到细胞外空间的信息还非常少。最近，几项研究开始阐明真菌细胞利用细胞壁分泌多种大分子的机制。透射电子显微镜、血清学、生物化学、蛋白质组学和脂质组学的联合应用表明，真菌病原体新型隐球菌、荚膜组织胞浆菌、白色念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和申克孢子丝菌，以及模式酵母酿酒酵母，都会产生携带脂质、蛋白质、多糖和具有明确生物学意义的色素样结构的细胞外囊泡。对新型隐球菌和荚膜组织胞浆菌细胞外囊泡的成分分析表明，它们可能起到“毒力包”的作用，具有调节宿主-病原体相互作用以利于真菌的潜力。细胞外囊泡的细胞起源尚不清楚，但形态学和生化特征表明它们与已被充分描述的哺乳动物外泌体相似。
