Units of Nephrology and Dialysis, Papardo Hospital, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Annu Rev Nutr. 2010 Aug 21;30:365-401. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-010510-103954.
The incidence and severity of hypertension are affected by nutritional status and intake of many nutrients. Excessive energy intake and obesity are major causes of hypertension. Obesity is associated with increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, possibly other mineralcorticoid activity, insulin resistance, salt-sensitive hypertension and excess salt intake, and reduced kidney function. High sodium chloride intake strongly predisposes to hypertension. Increased alcohol consumption may acutely elevate blood pressure. High intakes of potassium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and protein, along with exercise and possibly vitamin D, may reduce blood pressure. Less-conclusive studies suggest that amino acids, tea, green coffee bean extract, dark chocolate, and foods high in nitrates may reduce blood pressure. Short-term studies indicate that specialized diets may prevent or ameliorate mild hypertension; most notable are the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, and the DASH low-sodium diet. Long-term compliance to these diets remains a major concern.
高血压的发病率和严重程度受营养状况和多种营养素摄入的影响。过多的能量摄入和肥胖是高血压的主要原因。肥胖与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮和交感神经系统的活性增加有关，可能还与其他类皮质激素活性、胰岛素抵抗、盐敏感性高血压和盐摄入过多以及肾功能下降有关。高盐摄入强烈导致高血压。饮酒过量可能会使血压急剧升高。增加钾、多不饱和脂肪酸和蛋白质的摄入，以及运动和可能的维生素 D，可能会降低血压。不太明确的研究表明，氨基酸、茶、绿咖啡豆提取物、黑巧克力和富含硝酸盐的食物可能会降低血压。短期研究表明，特殊饮食可能预防或改善轻度高血压；最值得注意的是富含水果、蔬菜和低脂乳制品的停止高血压的饮食方法（DASH），以及 DASH 低盐饮食。长期坚持这些饮食仍然是一个主要问题。
