Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Nov;19(11):2969-77. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0711. Epub 2010 Sep 10.
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its reduction product in the body, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), are potent pulmonary carcinogens. We have measured total NNAL in the U.S. population of tobacco users and nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke.
We measured total urinary NNAL (free NNAL plus its glucuronides following hydrolysis) by using a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. We calculated the percentage above the limit of detection, the 50th through 95th percentiles, and in some cases, geometric means for groups classified by age, gender, and race/ethnicity.
Total urinary NNAL was measureable at or above its limit of detection (0.6 pg/mL) in 55% of the study participants, including 41% of nonsmokers. The population distribution of urinary NNAL included smoker and nonsmoker regions similar to the bimodal distribution of serum cotinine, and serum cotinine and total urinary NNAL were strongly correlated (r = 0.92; P < 0.001). Among nonsmokers, children had significantly higher concentrations of NNAL than did adults with the age of ≥20 years (P < 0.001).
Among National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants, total NNAL was found at measurable levels in the urine of 41% of nonsmokers and in 87.5% of those with substantial secondhand-smoke exposure (with serum cotinine concentrations of 0.1-10 ng/mL). Children with the age of 6 to 11 years had the highest NNAL concentrations among all nonsmokers.
We describe for the first time the distribution of total urinary NNAL in the entire U.S. population, including smokers and nonsmokers. NNAL was detected in 41% of all nonsmokers.
烟草特异性亚硝胺 4-（甲基亚硝氨基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁酮（NNK）及其在体内的还原产物 4-（甲基亚硝氨基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL）是强有力的肺致癌物。我们已经测量了美国吸烟人群和接触二手烟的非吸烟人群的总 NNAL。
我们使用灵敏和特异的高效液相色谱/串联质谱法测量了尿液中总 NNAL（水解后游离 NNAL 及其葡萄糖醛酸结合物）。我们计算了超过检测限的百分比、第 50 到第 95 百分位数，在某些情况下，还计算了按年龄、性别和种族/民族分类的几何平均值。
在研究参与者中，55%的人尿液中可检测到总 NNAL（高于其检测限 0.6pg/ml），其中包括 41%的非吸烟者。尿液 NNAL 的人群分布包括与血清可替宁的双峰分布相似的吸烟者和非吸烟者区域，并且血清可替宁和总尿 NNAL 呈强相关（r=0.92；P<0.001）。在非吸烟者中，儿童的 NNAL 浓度明显高于 20 岁及以上的成年人（P<0.001）。
在国家健康和营养调查参与者中，在 41%的非吸烟者和 87.5%的大量接触二手烟者（血清可替宁浓度为 0.1-10ng/ml）的尿液中可检测到总 NNAL。6 至 11 岁的儿童在所有非吸烟者中 NNAL 浓度最高。
我们首次描述了包括吸烟者和非吸烟者在内的美国总人口中总尿 NNAL 的分布。所有非吸烟者中有 41%检测到 NNAL。
