Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Oct;30(10):1031-43. doi: 10.1592/phco.30.10.1031.
In 2008, residents of the United States made 12 million visits to developing countries in Asia, South America, Central America, Oceania, the Middle East, and Africa. Due to the presence of Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex mosquitoes, travel to these destinations poses a risk for diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis that cause significant morbidity and mortality. To gain a better understanding of the major emerging and established travel-related infectious diseases transmitted principally by mosquitoes and the measures for their prevention in U.S. residents who travel to these developing countries, we performed a literature search of the PubMed and MEDLINE databases (January 1950-February 2010). Information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization and relevant references from the publications identified were also reviewed. Vaccines for the prevention of Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever are commercially available to U.S. travelers and should be administered when indicated. However, the prevention of malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, and West Nile virus relies on personal insect protection measures and chemoprophylaxis for malaria. As the rate of international travel continues to rise, individuals traveling overseas should be made aware of the risk of various infectious diseases and the importance of prevention. Physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other practitioners can play a vital role in disease education and prevention, including the administration of vaccines and provision of chemoprophylactic drugs.
2008 年，美国居民前往亚洲、南美、中美、大洋洲、中东和非洲的发展中国家旅游的人数达到 1200 万。由于存在疟蚊、伊蚊和库蚊，前往这些目的地会带来疟疾、黄热病和乙型脑炎等疾病的风险，这些疾病会导致严重的发病率和死亡率。为了更好地了解主要的新发和已确立的通过蚊子传播的旅行相关传染病，以及前往这些发展中国家的美国居民的预防措施，我们对 PubMed 和 MEDLINE 数据库（1950 年 1 月至 2010 年 2 月）进行了文献检索。还审查了来自疾病预防控制中心和世界卫生组织的信息以及出版物中的相关参考文献。预防乙型脑炎和黄热病的疫苗可用于美国旅行者，在有需要时应进行接种。然而，疟疾、登革热、基孔肯雅热和西尼罗河病毒的预防依赖于个人的昆虫防护措施和疟疾化学预防。随着国际旅行率的持续上升，出国旅行的人应该意识到各种传染病的风险和预防的重要性。医生、药剂师、护士和其他医务人员可以在疾病教育和预防方面发挥重要作用，包括疫苗接种和提供化学预防药物。
