Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Bio21 Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Ecol Appl. 2010 Sep;20(6):1693-703. doi: 10.1890/09-1065.1.
Communities of arthropods providing ecosystem services (e.g., pest control, pollination, and soil nutrient cycling) to agricultural production systems are influenced by pesticide inputs, yet the impact of pesticide applications on nontarget organisms is normally evaluated through standardized sets of laboratory tests involving individual pesticides applied to a few representative species. By combining season-long pesticide applications of various insecticides and fungicides into a metric based on the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) toxicity ratings, we evaluate season-long pesticide impacts on communities of indigenous and exotic arthropods across 61 vineyards assessed for an entire growing season. The composition of arthropod communities, identified mostly at the family level, but in some cases at the species level, was altered depending on season-long pesticide use. Numbers of mostly indigenous parasitoids, predatory mites, and coccinellids in the canopy, as well as carabid/tenebrionid beetles and some spider families on the ground, were decreased at higher cumulative pesticide metric scores. In contrast, numbers of one invasive millipede species (Ommatoiulus moreletti Lucas, Julida: Julidae) increased under higher cumulative pesticide metric scores. These changing community patterns were detected despite the absence of broad-spectrum insecticide applications in the vineyards. Pesticide effects were mostly due to indoxacarb and sulphur, applied as a fungicide. The reduction of beneficial arthropods and increase in an invasive herbivorous millipede under high cumulative pesticide metric scores highlights the need to manage nontarget season-long pesticide impacts in vineyards. A cumulative pesticide metric, based on IOBC toxicity ratings, provides a way of assessing overall toxicity effects, giving managers a means to estimate and consider potential negative season-long pesticide impacts on ecosystem services provided through arthropod communities.
为农业生产系统提供生态系统服务（例如，害虫防治、授粉和土壤养分循环）的节肢动物群落受到农药投入的影响，但通常通过涉及将个别农药应用于少数代表性物种的标准化实验室测试套件来评估农药对非目标生物的影响。通过将各种杀虫剂和杀菌剂的季节性长期施药结合到基于国际生物和综合防治组织（IOBC）毒性等级的指标中，我们评估了整个生长季节对 61 个葡萄园的本土和外来节肢动物群落的季节性长期农药影响。节肢动物群落的组成，主要在科一级确定，但在某些情况下在种一级确定，取决于季节性长期农药使用情况。树冠中大多数本土寄生蜂、捕食性螨虫和瓢虫，以及地面上的步甲/拟步甲甲虫和一些蜘蛛科的数量，在累积农药指标得分较高时减少。相比之下，在更高的累积农药指标得分下，一种入侵千足虫物种（Ommatoiulus moreletti Lucas，Julida： Julidae）的数量增加。尽管葡萄园中没有广谱杀虫剂的广泛应用，但仍检测到这些不断变化的群落模式。农药的影响主要归因于作为杀菌剂施用的茚虫威和硫磺。在高累积农药指标得分下，有益节肢动物数量减少，入侵食草千足虫数量增加，这突出表明需要管理葡萄园中季节性长期农药的非目标影响。基于 IOBC 毒性等级的累积农药指标提供了一种评估整体毒性影响的方法，使管理人员能够估计和考虑季节性长期农药对通过节肢动物群落提供的生态系统服务的潜在负面影响。
