Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Dec;76(24):8126-34. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01446-10. Epub 2010 Oct 15.
Individual cloacal swabs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and of herring gulls (Larus argentatus), as well as samples of waterbird feces obtained in 2008 and 2009, were cultivated for Escherichia coli. Isolates of E. coli were tested for susceptibilities to 12 antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion method. Moreover, the samples were subcultivated on MacConkey agar (MCA) containing cefotaxime (2 mg liter(-1)) to detect E. coli with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and subsequently on MCA supplemented with ciprofloxacin (0.05 mg liter(-1)) and MCA with nalidixic acid (20 mg liter(-1)) to isolate fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. PCR was used to detect specific antibiotic resistance genes. We found 9 E. coli isolates producing ESBL with bla genes: bla(CTX-M-1) (6 isolates), bla(CTX-M-9) plus bla(TEM-1b) (1 isolate), bla(CTX-M-15) plus bla(OXA-1) (1 isolate), and bla(SHV-12) (1 isolate). In the isolate with bla(CTX-M-15), the gene aac(6)-Ib-cr was also detected. The bla genes were harbored by transferable plasmids of the IncN and IncI1 groups. Nine quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates with qnrS genes were found and characterized. The gene qnrS was associated with a Tn3-like transposon on the IncX1 plasmid together with bla(TEM-1) in two isolates. The gene qnrS was also harbored by conjugative plasmids of the IncN and IncX2 groups. Even if populations of wild birds are not directly influenced by antibiotic practice, we have demonstrated that antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains, including strains with various ESBL and qnrS genes, are found in the feces of wild birds on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland.
从绿头鸭（Anas platyrhynchos）和银鸥（Larus argentatus）个体泄殖腔拭子以及 2008 年和 2009 年采集的水鸟粪便样本中培养出了大肠杆菌。采用纸片扩散法对大肠杆菌分离株进行了 12 种抗菌药物的药敏试验。此外，将样本在含有头孢噻肟（2mg/L）的麦康凯琼脂（MCA）上进行再次培养，以检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）的大肠杆菌，随后在含有环丙沙星（0.05mg/L）和萘啶酸（20mg/L）的 MCA 上进行培养，以分离氟喹诺酮耐药的大肠杆菌。PCR 用于检测特定的抗生素耐药基因。我们发现 9 株产 ESBL 的大肠杆菌分离株带有 bla 基因：bla(CTX-M-1)（6 株）、bla(CTX-M-9) 加 bla(TEM-1b)（1 株）、bla(CTX-M-15) 加 bla(OXA-1)（1 株）和 bla(SHV-12)（1 株）。在 bla(CTX-M-15) 分离株中，还检测到了 aac(6)-Ib-cr 基因。bla 基因位于 IncN 和 IncI1 组的可转移质粒上。发现并鉴定了 9 株带有 qnrS 基因的耐喹诺酮大肠杆菌分离株。qnrS 基因与位于 IncX1 质粒上的 Tn3 样转座子以及 2 株菌中的 bla(TEM-1) 有关。qnrS 基因还存在于 IncN 和 IncX2 组的接合质粒上。即使野生鸟类种群不受抗生素实践的直接影响，我们也证明了在波兰波罗的海沿岸的野生鸟类粪便中发现了具有各种 ESBL 和 qnrS 基因的抗生素耐药大肠杆菌菌株。
