Button C, Dicks M, Haines R, Barker R, Davids K
School of Physical Education, University of Otago, New Zealand.
Cogn Process. 2011 Aug;12(3):235-44. doi: 10.1007/s10339-010-0384-6. Epub 2010 Dec 8.
Previous research on gaze behaviour in sport has typically reported summary fixation statistics thereby largely ignoring the temporal sequencing of gaze. In the present study on penalty kicking in soccer, our aim was to apply a Markov chain modelling method to eye movement data obtained from goalkeepers. Building on the discrete analysis of gaze employed by Dicks et al. (Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706-720, 2010b), we wanted to statistically model the relative probabilities of the goalkeeper's gaze being directed to different locations throughout the penalty taker's approach (Dicks et al. in Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706-720, 2010b). Examination of gaze behaviours under in situ and video-simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action (Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 72(3), 706-720). The probabilities of fixating anatomical locations of the penalty taker were high under simulated movement response conditions. In contrast, when actually required to intercept kicks, the goalkeepers initially favoured watching the penalty taker's head but then rapidly shifted focus directly to the ball for approximately the final second prior to foot-ball contact. The increased spatio-temporal demands of in situ interceptive actions over laboratory-based simulated actions lead to different visual search strategies being used. When eye movement data are modelled as time series, it is possible to discern subtle but important behavioural characteristics that are less apparent with discrete summary statistics alone.
以往关于运动中注视行为的研究通常只报告了注视的汇总统计数据，因此在很大程度上忽略了注视的时间顺序。在本项关于足球点球射门的研究中，我们的目的是将马尔可夫链建模方法应用于从守门员获得的眼动数据。基于迪克斯等人（《注意、感知与心理物理学》，2010年b卷，第72卷第3期：706 - 720页）所采用的注视离散分析方法，我们希望对守门员的注视在罚球者助跑过程中指向不同位置的相对概率进行统计建模（迪克斯等人，《注意、感知与心理物理学》，2010年b卷，第72卷第3期：706 - 720页）。对现场和视频模拟任务限制下的注视行为进行检查，揭示了感知和行动信息获取方面的差异（《注意、感知与心理物理学》，第72卷第3期，706 - 720页）。在模拟运动反应条件下，注视罚球者身体部位的概率很高。相比之下，当实际需要拦截罚球时，守门员最初倾向于注视罚球者的头部，但随后在足球接触前大约最后一秒迅速将焦点直接转移到球上。与基于实验室的模拟动作相比，现场拦截动作在时空方面的要求增加，导致使用了不同的视觉搜索策略。当将眼动数据建模为时间序列时，就有可能辨别出仅通过离散汇总统计不太明显的细微但重要的行为特征。
