Buchanan John J, Wright David L
Texas A&M University, Department of Health and Kinesiology, College Station, 77843-4243, United States.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2011 Jan;136(1):167-78. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.11.006. Epub 2010 Dec 24.
Both observational and physical practices support the acquisition of motor skill knowledge in the form of spatiotemporal coordination patterns. The current experiment examined the extent that observation and physical practice can support the transfer of spatiotemporal knowledge and amplitude knowledge associated with motor skills. Evidence from a multijoint limb task revealed that knowledge about spatiotemporal patterns (relative phase) acquired by observers and models can be generalized exceptionally well within the trained arm (right) and across to the untrained arm (left). Transfer of relative phase occurred even when untrained combinations of joint amplitudes were required. This indicates that observation and physical practice both lead to the development of an effector-independent representation of the spatiotemporal knowledge in this task. Both observers and models showed some transfer of the relative amplitude knowledge, with observers demonstrating superior transfer for both a trained and untrained-arm transfer test, while the models were limited to positive transfer on an untrained-arm transfer test. The representation of movement amplitude knowledge is effector-independent in this task, but the use of that knowledge is constrained by the specific practice context and the linkage between the elbow and wrist.
观察和实际操作都有助于以时空协调模式的形式获取运动技能知识。当前的实验研究了观察和实际操作在多大程度上能够支持与运动技能相关的时空知识和幅度知识的迁移。来自多关节肢体任务的证据表明，观察者和示范者所获得的关于时空模式（相对相位）的知识，在训练过的手臂（右侧）内以及迁移到未训练的手臂（左侧）时，都能得到非常好的推广。即使需要未训练的关节幅度组合，相对相位的迁移也会发生。这表明在这项任务中，观察和实际操作都会导致形成一种与效应器无关的时空知识表征。观察者和示范者都表现出了相对幅度知识的一定迁移，观察者在训练手臂和未训练手臂的迁移测试中都表现出了更好的迁移效果，而示范者在未训练手臂的迁移测试中仅限于正向迁移。在这项任务中，运动幅度知识的表征与效应器无关，但该知识的运用受到特定练习情境以及肘部和腕部之间联系的限制。
