Weiss Alexander, Adams Mark James, Widdig Anja, Gerald Melissa S
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
J Comp Psychol. 2011 Feb;125(1):72-83. doi: 10.1037/a0021187.
Personality dimensions capturing individual differences in behavior, cognition, and affect have been described in several species, including humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. However, comparisons between species are limited by the use of different questionnaires. We asked raters to assess free-ranging rhesus macaques at two time points on personality and subjective well-being questionnaires used earlier to rate chimpanzees and orangutans. Principal-components analysis yielded domains we labeled Confidence, Friendliness, Dominance, Anxiety, Openness, and Activity. The presence of Openness in rhesus macaques suggests it is an ancestral characteristic. The absence of Conscientiousness suggests it is a derived characteristic in African apes. Higher Confidence and Friendliness, and lower Anxiety were prospectively related to subjective well-being, indicating that the connection between personality and subjective well-being in humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans is ancestral in catarrhine primates. As demonstrated here, each additional species studied adds another fold to the rich, historical story of primate personality evolution.
包括人类、黑猩猩和猩猩在内的多个物种中都描述了捕捉行为、认知和情感方面个体差异的人格维度。然而，物种之间的比较受到不同问卷使用的限制。我们让评估者在两个时间点，使用之前用于评估黑猩猩和猩猩的人格及主观幸福感问卷，对自由放养的恒河猴进行评估。主成分分析得出了我们标记为自信、友善、支配性、焦虑、开放性和活跃度的维度。恒河猴中存在开放性表明这是一种祖先特征。尽责性的缺失表明这是非洲猿类的衍生特征。更高的自信和友善，以及更低的焦虑与主观幸福感呈前瞻性关联，这表明人类、黑猩猩和猩猩中人格与主观幸福感之间的联系在狭鼻猿灵长类动物中是祖传的。如此处所示，每一个新研究的物种都为灵长类人格进化这一丰富的历史故事增添了新的内容。
