IRCCS Ca'Granda Foundation, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Via M. Fanti 6, Milan, Italy.
Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):706-17. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmr020. Epub 2011 May 11.
Lifestyle changes around the time of menopause have the potential to impact on morbidity and eventual mortality. Here we review this topic to identify how such changes may improve health at perimenopause and beyond.
Searches were performed in Medline and other databases. Each subject summary was presented to the ESHRE Workshop Group, where omissions or disagreements were resolved by discussion.
Body weight increases because the decline in physical activity during the perimenopause is greater than the concomitant decline in energy intake. It is imperative to stop smoking before menopause because the risk of acute myocardial infarction rises sharply thereafter. Cardiovascular events can be reduced by managing risk factors, such as hypertension and increased lipids and body weight. Breast cancer risk is increased to a similar extent by hormone use, decreased physical activity, increased calorie intake and alcohol use, all reflecting lifestyle decisions. Smoking, alcohol and exercise may increase or decrease risk of aging brain disorders, especially dementia and Parkinson's disease, while stress is consistently associated with increased risk and a prudent diet is consistently associated with reduced risk. Osteoarthritis frequency increases after 50 years of age and risk is elevated 3-fold by obesity, while risk of osteoporosis can be minimized by smoking cessation, adequate vitamin D intake and regular weight-bearing exercise.
Lifestyle changes around the time of the perimenopause can reduce the likelihood and severity of heart disease and chronic illness in later years and the cost of care of elderly women.
绝经前后生活方式的改变有可能影响发病率和最终死亡率。在这里，我们回顾了这一主题，以确定这些变化如何改善围绝经期及以后的健康状况。
在 Medline 和其他数据库中进行了检索。将每个主题摘要提交给 ESHRE 研讨会小组，通过讨论解决遗漏或意见分歧。
体重增加是因为绝经期间体力活动的下降大于能量摄入的相应下降。务必在绝经前戒烟，因为此后急性心肌梗死的风险急剧上升。通过控制高血压、血脂和体重等危险因素，可以减少心血管事件。激素使用、体力活动减少、卡路里摄入增加和饮酒都会增加乳腺癌风险，与生活方式决策有关。吸烟、饮酒和运动可能会增加或降低患老年脑部疾病（尤其是痴呆症和帕金森病）的风险，而压力始终与风险增加有关，而谨慎的饮食始终与风险降低有关。50 岁以后，骨关节炎的发病率增加，肥胖使风险增加 3 倍，而戒烟、摄入足够的维生素 D 和定期负重运动可以将骨质疏松症的风险降至最低。
绝经前后的生活方式改变可以降低女性晚年患心脏病和慢性病的可能性和严重程度，并降低老年女性的护理成本。
