Section of Developmental Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18 Trumpington Road, CB2 4AH, Cambridge, UK.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Jan;2(1):1-9. doi: 10.1007/BF02098825.
The long-term effects of undesirable life events are reviewed. Two forms of major event that are outside the child's control, divorce and war, are discussed together with the literature investigating the impact of undesirable life events on subsequent risk for psychopathology and maladjustment. The impact of any event cannot be easily predicted without a substantial knowledge of its antecedents, nature and consequences for the child's current environmental circumstances. The indications are that some children may be life event prone as a consequence of either not being protected from adverse circumstances in the family or peer group; or contributing, through their own behavioural style, to an increased likelihood of life event occurrence. The evidence supports the notion that, whatever the origins of life events, they increase the risk of subsequent psychopathology or poor adaptation to subsequent environmental demands such as school achievement. There are marked individual differences in outcome from exposure to similar severe events. The degree of risk for either subsequent psychopathology or poor adaptation is best determined by a knowledge of life events in association with other forms of adverse or ameliorating circumstances rather than by life events alone. Psychological and physiological responses to events, as well as measures of the environment, should be incorporated in future longitudinal research to assist in explaining individual differences in outcome to similar undesirable circumstances.
本文回顾了不良生活事件的长期影响。讨论了两种超出儿童控制范围的重大事件形式，即离婚和战争，并结合文献探讨了不良生活事件对随后心理病理学和适应不良风险的影响。如果没有对事件的前提、性质以及对儿童当前环境情况的后果有大量了解，就无法轻易预测任何事件的影响。有迹象表明，一些儿童可能由于没有在家庭或同伴群体中免受不利环境的影响，或者由于其自身的行为方式增加了生活事件发生的可能性，从而容易受到生活事件的影响。证据支持这样一种观点，即无论生活事件的起源如何，它们都会增加随后出现心理病理学或适应不良的风险，例如无法适应学校的学业要求。从类似严重事件的暴露中，结果存在明显的个体差异。无论是随后出现心理病理学还是适应不良的风险程度，最好通过了解与其他形式的不利或改善情况相关的生活事件来确定，而不仅仅是通过生活事件来确定。未来的纵向研究应纳入对事件的心理和生理反应以及环境的衡量标准，以帮助解释对类似不良情况的个体差异。
