中文和荷兰老年人中流行病学研究抑郁量表（CES-D）的测量不变性。
Measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among Chinese and Dutch elderly.
机构信息
Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
出版信息
BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011 May 20;11:74. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-74.
BACKGROUND
Although previous studies using non- elderly groups have assessed the factorial invariance of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) across different groups with the same social-cultural backgrounds, few studies have tested the factorial invariance of the CES-D across two elderly groups from countries with different social cultures. The purposes of this study were to examine the factorial structure of the CES-D, and test its measurement invariance across two different national elderly populations.
METHODS
A total of 6806 elderly adults from China (n = 4903) and the Netherlands (n = 1903) were included in the final sample. The CES-D was assessed in both samples. Three strategies were used in the data analysis procedure. First, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to determine the factor structures of the CES-D that best fitted the two samples. Second, the best fitting model was incorporated into a multi-group CFA model to test measurement invariance of the CES-D across the two population groups. Third, latent mean differences between the two groups were tested.
RESULTS
The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed: 1) in both samples, Radloff's four-factor model resulted in a significantly better fit and the four dimensions (somatic complaints, depressed affect, positive affect, and interpersonal problems) of the CES-D seem to be the most informative in assessing depressive symptoms compared to the single-, three-, and the second-order factor models; and 2) the factorial structure was invariant across the populations under study. However, only partial scalar and uniqueness invariance of the CES-D items was supported. Latent means in the partial invariant model were lower for the Dutch sample, compared to the Chinese sample.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide evidence of a valid factorial structure of the CES-D that could be applied to elderly populations from both China and the Netherlands, producing a meaningful comparison of total scores between the two elderly groups. However, for some specific factors and items, caution is required when comparing the depressive symptoms between Chinese and Dutch elderly groups.
背景
虽然先前使用非老年人群体的研究已经评估了具有相同社会文化背景的不同群体中使用流行病学研究抑郁量表（CES-D）的因子不变性，但很少有研究测试过来自不同社会文化国家的两个老年人群体之间 CES-D 的因子不变性。本研究的目的是检验 CES-D 的因子结构，并测试其在两个不同国家的老年人群体中的测量不变性。
方法
共纳入中国（n=4903）和荷兰（n=1903）的 6806 名老年人进入最终样本。在两个样本中都评估了 CES-D。数据分析过程中使用了三种策略。首先，进行验证性因子分析（CFA）以确定最适合两个样本的 CES-D 的因子结构。其次，将最佳拟合模型纳入多组 CFA 模型，以测试 CES-D 在两个人群组之间的测量不变性。最后，测试了两组之间的潜在均值差异。
结果
验证性因子分析（CFA）的结果表明：1）在两个样本中，Radloff 的四因子模型的拟合度明显更好，与单因子、三因子和二阶因子模型相比，CES-D 的四个维度（躯体抱怨、抑郁情绪、积极情绪和人际关系问题）似乎更能提供有关抑郁症状的信息；2）因子结构在研究人群中是不变的。然而，仅支持 CES-D 项目的部分标量和独特性不变。在部分不变模型中，荷兰样本的潜在均值低于中国样本。
结论
我们的研究结果提供了 CES-D 的有效因子结构的证据，该结构可应用于来自中国和荷兰的老年人群体，在两个老年人群体之间进行总分的有意义比较。然而，对于一些特定的因素和项目，在比较中荷老年人的抑郁症状时需要谨慎。
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