Kenrick Douglas T, Neuberg Steven L, Griskevicius Vladas, Becker D Vaughn, Schaller Mark
Arizona State University.
Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2010 Feb;19(1):63-67. doi: 10.1177/0963721409359281.
Fundamental motives have direct implications for evolutionary fitness and orchestrate attention, memory, and social inference in functionally specific ways. Motivational states linked to self-protection and mating offer illustrative examples. When self-protective motives are aroused, people show enhanced attention to, and memory for, angry male strangers; they also perceive out-group members as especially dangerous. In contrast, when mating motives are aroused, men show enhanced attention to and memory for attractive members of the opposite sex; mating motives also lead men (but not women) to perceive sexual arousal in attractive members of the opposite sex. There are further functionally specific consequences for social behavior. For example, self-protective motives increase conformity among both men and women, whereas mating motives lead men (but not women) to engage in anticonformist behavior. Other motivational systems trigger different adaptive patterns of cognitive and behavioral responses. This body of research illustrates the highly specific consequences of fitness-relevant motivational states for cognition and behavior, and highlights the value of studying human motivation and cognition within an evolutionary framework.
基本动机对进化适应性有直接影响，并以功能特定的方式协调注意力、记忆和社会推理。与自我保护和交配相关的动机状态提供了例证。当自我保护动机被激发时，人们会对愤怒的男性陌生人表现出更强的注意力和记忆力；他们也会将外群体成员视为特别危险的。相比之下，当交配动机被激发时，男性会对异性中的有吸引力成员表现出更强的注意力和记忆力；交配动机还会导致男性（而非女性）在异性中的有吸引力成员身上察觉到性唤起。社会行为还有进一步的功能特定后果。例如，自我保护动机增加了男性和女性的从众行为，而交配动机则导致男性（而非女性）做出反从众行为。其他动机系统引发不同的认知和行为反应适应模式。这一系列研究说明了与适应性相关的动机状态对认知和行为的高度特定后果，并突出了在进化框架内研究人类动机和认知的价值。
