Kenrick Douglas T, Griskevicius Vladas, Neuberg Steven L, Schaller Mark
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe
Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Perspect Psychol Sci. 2010 May;5(3):292-314. doi: 10.1177/1745691610369469.
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, proposed in 1943, has been one of the most cognitively contagious ideas in the behavioral sciences. Anticipating later evolutionary views of human motivation and cognition, Maslow viewed human motives as based in innate and universal predispositions. We revisit the idea of a motivational hierarchy in light of theoretical developments at the interface of evolutionary biology, anthropology, and psychology. After considering motives at three different levels of analysis, we argue that the basic foundational structure of the pyramid is worth preserving, but that it should be buttressed with a few architectural extensions. By adding a contemporary design feature, connections between fundamental motives and immediate situational threats and opportunities should be highlighted. By incorporating a classical element, these connections can be strengthened by anchoring the hierarchy of human motives more firmly in the bedrock of modern evolutionary theory. We propose a renovated hierarchy of fundamental motives that serves as both an integrative framework and a generative foundation for future empirical research.
1943年提出的马斯洛人类需求金字塔，一直是行为科学领域中最具认知传播力的观点之一。马斯洛预见了后来关于人类动机和认知的进化观点，他将人类动机视为基于先天和普遍的倾向。我们根据进化生物学、人类学和心理学交叉领域的理论发展，重新审视动机层次的观点。在考虑了三个不同分析层面的动机后，我们认为金字塔的基本基础结构值得保留，但应该用一些架构扩展来加以支撑。通过添加一个当代设计特征，应突出基本动机与即时情境威胁和机遇之间的联系。通过融入一个经典元素，将人类动机层次更稳固地锚定在现代进化理论的基石上，可以加强这些联系。我们提出了一个经过翻新的基本动机层次结构，它既作为一个综合框架，又作为未来实证研究的生成基础。
