Quinn M J, Sherlock J C
Central Directorate of Environmental Protection, London, UK.
Food Addit Contam. 1990 May-Jun;7(3):387-424. doi: 10.1080/02652039009373904.
This paper considers whether the Department of the Environment's water lead concentration criterion for lead pipe replacement and action in individual cases, i.e. 50 micrograms/l in any sample, is too high when set against the Department of Health's advisory action limit for blood lead concentration of 25 micrograms/100 ml. The relationships between blood lead and water lead concentrations found in the Glasgow and Ayr duplicate diet studies, together with unpublished data from Glasgow and Liverpool, indicate that over 10% of people exposed to an average water lead concentration of 100 micrograms/l (the earlier action level) would have blood lead concentrations above 25 micrograms/100 ml, as would about 4% of those exposed to 50 micrograms/l (the Maximum Admissible Concentration in an EEC Directive). For adults, average water lead concentrations should not exceed 30 micrograms/l to ensure compliance with the limit for blood lead, i.e. so that not more than 2% exceed 25 micrograms/100 ml. However, for one of the critical groups, bottle-fed infants (whose diet is 90% water), average water lead concentrations should not exceed 10-15 micrograms/l. The WHO's Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for children (25 micrograms/kg body weight) also implies that their water lead concentrations should not exceed 10-15 micrograms/l.
本文探讨了环境部关于更换铅管及个别案例处理的水中铅浓度标准，即在任何样本中为50微克/升，与卫生部针对血铅浓度的25微克/100毫升的建议行动限值相比是否过高。在格拉斯哥和艾尔重复饮食研究中发现的血铅与水中铅浓度之间的关系，以及来自格拉斯哥和利物浦的未发表数据表明，平均接触100微克/升（早期行动水平）的水中铅浓度的人群中，超过10%的人的血铅浓度会高于25微克/100毫升，而接触50微克/升（欧盟指令中的最大允许浓度）的人群中约4%的人也会如此。对于成年人来说，为确保符合血铅限值，即不超过2%的人超过25微克/100毫升，水中铅的平均浓度不应超过30微克/升。然而，对于其中一个关键群体，即人工喂养的婴儿（其饮食90%为水），水中铅的平均浓度不应超过10 - 15微克/升。世界卫生组织针对儿童的暂定每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）（25微克/千克体重）也意味着他们的水中铅浓度不应超过10 - 15微克/升。
