Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509 Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Parasitol Res. 2012 Dec;111(6):2439-48. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2689-5. Epub 2011 Oct 27.
With a greater awareness of the hazards associated with the use of synthetic organic insecticides, there has been an urgent need to explore suitable alternative products for pest control. Musca domestica is ubiquitous insect that has the potential to spread a variety of pathogens to humans and livestock. They are mechanical carriers of more than hundred human and animal intestinal diseases and are responsible for protozoan, bacterial, helminthic, and viral infections. The present work aimed to investigate the feeding deterrent activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using leaf aqueous extract of Manilkara zapota against M. domestica. The synthesized Ag NPs were recorded from UV-vis spectrum at 421 nm and scanning electron microscopy confirm the biosynthesis and characterization of Ag NPs with spherical and oval in shape and size of 70-140 nm. The FTIR analysis of the purified nanoparticles showed the presence of bands 1,079, 1,383, 1,627, 2,353, and 2,648 cm(-1), which were complete synthesis of AgNPs; the XRD pattern of AgNPs showed diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 38.06°, 44.37°, 64.51°, and 77.31° sets of lattice planes were observed (111), (200), (220), and (311) facts of silver, respectively. Adult flies were exposed to different concentrations of the aqueous extract of synthesized Ag NPs, 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO(3)) solution and aqueous extract of M. zapota for 1, 2, and 3 h; however, AgNPs showed 72% mortality in 1 h, 89% mortality was found in 2 h, and 100% mortality was found in 3 h exposure at the concentration of 10 mg/mL and the leaf aqueous extract showed 32% mortality in 1 h, 48% mortality was found in 2 h, and 83% mortality was found in 3 h exposure at concentration of 50 mg/mL. The most efficient activity was observed in synthesized Ag NPs against M. domestica (LD(50) = 3.64 mg/mL; LD(90) = 7.74 mg/mL), the moderate activity reported in the aqueous extract of M. zapota (LD(50) = 28.35 mg/mL; LD(90) = 89.19 mg/mL) and nil activity were observed in AgNO(3) solution at 3 h exposure time at 10 mg/mL. Dimethyl 2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP) was used as a positive control and showed the LD(50) value of 3.38 mL/L. These results suggest that the synthesized Ag NPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the adult of M. domestica. This method is considered as a new approach to control sanitary pest. Therefore, this study provides first report on the feeding deterrent activity of synthesized Ag NPs against housefly.
随着人们对合成有机杀虫剂相关危害认识的不断提高，迫切需要探索合适的替代产品来进行害虫防治。家蝇是一种无处不在的昆虫，有可能将多种病原体传播给人类和牲畜。它们是 100 多种人类和动物肠道疾病的机械携带者，是原生动物、细菌、蠕虫和病毒感染的罪魁祸首。本研究旨在利用 Manilkara zapota 的叶水提物来研究合成银纳米粒子（Ag NPs）对家蝇的拒食活性。通过紫外可见光谱在 421nm 处记录到合成的 Ag NPs，扫描电子显微镜证实了 Ag NPs 的生物合成和表征，其形状为球形和椭圆形，大小为 70-140nm。纯化纳米粒子的傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）分析显示，在 1079、1383、1627、2353 和 2648cm(-1) 处存在带，这是 AgNPs 的完全合成；AgNPs 的 X 射线衍射（XRD）图谱显示在 2θ 值为 38.06°、44.37°、64.51°和 77.31°处观察到了晶格平面的（111）、（200）、（220）和（311）等一系列的衍射峰，这分别是银的事实。成年蝇暴露于不同浓度的合成 Ag NPs 水提物、1mM 硝酸银（AgNO(3)）溶液和 M. zapota 叶水提物 1、2 和 3 小时；然而，AgNPs 在 1 小时时表现出 72%的死亡率，在 2 小时时发现 89%的死亡率，在浓度为 10mg/mL 时，在 3 小时时发现 100%的死亡率，叶水提物在 1 小时时表现出 32%的死亡率，在 2 小时时发现 48%的死亡率，在浓度为 50mg/mL 时发现 83%的死亡率。在合成 Ag NPs 对家蝇的作用中观察到最有效的活性（LD(50) = 3.64mg/mL；LD(90) = 7.74mg/mL），在 M. zapota 叶水提物中报道了中等活性（LD(50) = 28.35mg/mL；LD(90) = 89.19mg/mL），在浓度为 10mg/mL、3 小时暴露时间时，AgNO(3)溶液中没有活性。敌敌畏（DDVP）被用作阳性对照，其 LD(50)值为 3.38mL/L。这些结果表明，合成的 Ag NPs 具有作为控制家蝇成虫的理想环保方法的潜力。这种方法被认为是控制卫生害虫的一种新方法。因此，本研究首次报道了合成 Ag NPs 对家蝇的拒食活性。
