Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
Mar Drugs. 2011;9(10):1914-1954. doi: 10.3390/md9101914. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
Marine microorganisms have evolved for millions of years to survive in the environments characterized by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters, e.g., high pressure, low temperature or high salinity. Marine bacteria have the ability to produce a range of biologically active molecules, such as antibiotics, toxins and antitoxins, antitumor and antimicrobial agents, and as a result, they have been a topic of research interest for many years. Among these biologically active molecules, the carbohydrate antigens, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, O-antigens) found in cell walls of gram-negative marine bacteria, show great potential as candidates in the development of drugs to prevent septic shock due to their low virulence. The structural diversity of LPSs is thought to be a reflection of the ability for these bacteria to adapt to an array of habitats, protecting the cell from being compromised by exposure to harsh environmental stress factors. Over the last few years, the variety of structures of core oligosaccharides and O-specific polysaccharides from LPSs of marine microrganisms has been discovered. In this review, we discuss the most recently encountered structures that have been identified from bacteria belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Idiomarina, Microbulbifer, Pseudoalteromonas, Plesiomonas and Shewanella of the Gammaproteobacteria phylum; Sulfitobacter and Loktanella of the Alphaproteobactera phylum and to the genera Arenibacter, Cellulophaga, Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum. Particular attention is paid to the particular chemical features of the LPSs, such as the monosaccharide type, non-sugar substituents and phosphate groups, together with some of the typifying traits of LPSs obtained from marine bacteria. A possible correlation is then made between such features and the environmental adaptations undertaken by marine bacteria.
海洋微生物经过数百万年的进化，已经能够在具有一个或多个极端物理或化学参数的环境中生存，例如高压、低温或高盐度。海洋细菌具有产生一系列生物活性分子的能力，例如抗生素、毒素和抗毒素、抗肿瘤和抗菌剂，因此多年来一直是研究的热点。在这些生物活性分子中，革兰氏阴性海洋细菌细胞壁中的碳水化合物抗原、脂多糖（LPSs、O-抗原）由于其低毒性，显示出作为开发预防败血症性休克药物的候选物的巨大潜力。LPSs 的结构多样性被认为反映了这些细菌适应各种栖息地的能力，使细胞免受暴露于恶劣环境应激因素的影响。在过去的几年中，已经发现了海洋微生物 LPS 核心寡糖和 O-特异性多糖的各种结构。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了从属于γ变形菌门的气单胞菌属、交替单胞菌属、微小杆菌属、假交替单胞菌属、波罗的海假单胞菌属、希瓦氏菌属和鞘氨醇单胞菌属；α变形菌门的硫杆菌属和洛特卡氏菌属以及 Arenibacter 属、噬纤维菌属、黄杆菌属、Flavobacterium 属和柔膜杆菌属的细菌中鉴定出的最新结构。特别关注 LPSs 的特殊化学特征，例如单糖类型、非糖取代基和磷酸基团，以及从海洋细菌中获得的 LPSs 的一些典型特征。然后，在 LPSs 获得的一些典型特征与海洋细菌所进行的环境适应之间建立了可能的相关性。
