University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Adv Genet. 2011;75:171-214. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-380858-5.00007-1.
This chapter reviews the recent evidence of genetic and environmental influences on human aggression. Findings from a large selection of the twin and adoption studies that have investigated the genetic and environmental architecture of aggressive behavior are summarized. These studies together show that about half (50%) of the variance in aggressive behavior is explained by genetic influences in both males and females, with the remaining 50% of the variance being explained by environmental factors not shared by family members. Form of aggression (reactive, proactive, direct/physical, indirect/relational), method of assessment (laboratory observation, self-report, ratings by parents and teachers), and age of the subjects-all seem to be significant moderators of the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on aggressive behavior. Neither study design (twin vs. sibling adoption design) nor sex (male vs. female) seems to impact the magnitude of the genetic and environmental influences on aggression. There is also some evidence of gene-environment interaction (G × E) from both twin/adoption studies and molecular genetic studies. Various measures of family adversity and social disadvantage have been found to moderate genetic influences on aggressive behavior. Findings from these G × E studies suggest that not all individuals will be affected to the same degree by experiences and exposures, and that genetic predispositions may have different effects depending on the environment.
本章回顾了遗传和环境因素对人类攻击行为影响的最新证据。总结了大量研究攻击性行为遗传和环境结构的双胞胎和收养研究的发现。这些研究共同表明，男性和女性的攻击性行为约有一半（50%）可由遗传因素解释，剩下的 50%由家庭成员之间没有共享的环境因素解释。攻击行为的形式（反应性、主动性、直接/身体、间接/关系）、评估方法（实验室观察、自我报告、父母和教师的评分）和受试者的年龄——似乎都是攻击性行为遗传和环境影响程度的重要调节因素。研究设计（双胞胎与兄弟姐妹收养设计）和性别（男性与女性）似乎都不会影响攻击性行为的遗传和环境影响程度。来自双胞胎/收养研究和分子遗传学研究也有一些基因-环境相互作用（G×E）的证据。已经发现各种家庭逆境和社会劣势的衡量标准可以调节攻击性行为的遗传影响。这些 G×E 研究的结果表明，并非所有个体都会受到相同程度的经历和暴露的影响，而且遗传倾向的影响可能因环境而异。
