Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.
Health Phys. 2012 Jan;102(1):25-38. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e318228159a.
The Mayak Production Association was the first site for the production of weapons-grade plutonium in Russia. Early operations led to the waterborne release of radioactive materials into the small Techa River. Residents living downstream used river water for drinking and other purposes. The releases and subsequent flooding resulted in deposition of sediments along the shoreline and on floodplain soil. Primary routes of exposure were external dose from the deposited sediments and ingestion of 90Sr and other radionuclides. Study of the Techa River Cohort has revealed an increased incidence of leukemia and solid cancers. Epidemiologic studies are supported by extensive dose-reconstruction activities that have led to various versions of a Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The correctness of the TRDS has been challenged by the allegation that releases of short-lived radionuclides were much larger than those used in the TRDS. Although the dosimetry system depends more upon measurements of 90Sr in humans and additional measurements of radionuclides and of exposure rates in the environment, a major activity has been undertaken to define more precisely the time-dependent rates of release and their radionuclide composition. The major releases occurred during 1950-1951 in the form of routine releases and major accidental releases. The reevaluated amount of total release is 114 PBq, about half of which was from accidents that occurred in late 1951. The time-dependent composition of the radionuclides released has also been reevaluated. The improved understanding presented in this paper is possible because of access to many documents not previously available.
马雅克生产协会是俄罗斯第一个生产武器级钚的地点。早期的作业导致放射性物质经水体释放到小捷恰河。居住在下游的居民使用河水作为饮用水和其他用途。这些释放物和随后的洪水导致沉积物在沿湖岸线和泛滥平原土壤上沉积。主要暴露途径是来自沉积沉积物的外照射和 90Sr 及其他放射性核素的摄入。对捷恰河队列的研究揭示了白血病和实体癌发病率的增加。流行病学研究得到了广泛的剂量重建活动的支持，这些活动导致了各种版本的捷恰河剂量测定系统（TRDS）。TRDS 的正确性受到了指控的挑战，即短寿命放射性核素的释放量远大于 TRDS 中使用的量。尽管剂量测定系统更多地依赖于对人类 90Sr 的测量以及对放射性核素和环境暴露率的其他测量，但已经开展了一项主要活动，以更精确地定义随时间变化的释放速率及其放射性核素组成。主要释放发生在 1950-1951 年，形式为常规释放和重大意外释放。重新评估的总释放量为 114 PBq，其中约一半来自 1951 年底发生的事故。释放的放射性核素的时变组成也已重新评估。本文提出的改进认识是由于可以访问以前不可用的许多文件。
