Giussani A, Lopez M A, Romm H, Testa A, Ainsbury E A, Degteva M, Della Monaca S, Etherington G, Fattibene P, Güclu I, Jaworska A, Lloyd D C, Malátová I, McComish S, Melo D, Osko J, Rojo A, Roch-Lefevre S, Roy L, Shishkina E, Sotnik N, Tolmachev S Y, Wieser A, Woda C, Youngman M
BfS-Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
CIEMAT - Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Av.da Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Radiat Environ Biophys. 2020 Aug;59(3):357-387. doi: 10.1007/s00411-020-00845-y. Epub 2020 May 5.
This work presents an overview of the applications of retrospective dosimetry techniques in case of incorporation of radionuclides. The fact that internal exposures are characterized by a spatially inhomogeneous irradiation of the body, which is potentially prolonged over large periods and variable over time, is particularly problematic for biological and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry methods when compared with external exposures. The paper gives initially specific information about internal dosimetry methods, the most common cytogenetic techniques used in biological dosimetry and EPR dosimetry applied to tooth enamel. Based on real-case scenarios, dose estimates obtained from bioassay data as well as with biological and/or EPR dosimetry are compared and critically discussed. In most of the scenarios presented, concomitant external exposures were responsible for the greater portion of the received dose. As no assay is available which can discriminate between radiation of different types and different LETs on the basis of the type of damage induced, it is not possible to infer from these studies specific conclusions valid for incorporated radionuclides alone. The biological dosimetry assays and EPR techniques proved to be most applicable in cases when the radionuclides are almost homogeneously distributed in the body. No compelling evidence was obtained in other cases of extremely inhomogeneous distribution. Retrospective dosimetry needs to be optimized and further developed in order to be able to deal with real exposure cases, where a mixture of both external and internal exposures will be encountered most of the times.
本文概述了放射性核素摄入情况下回顾性剂量测定技术的应用。与外照射相比，内照射的特点是身体受到空间不均匀照射，这种照射可能会持续很长时间且随时间变化，这对于生物剂量测定法和电子顺磁共振（EPR）剂量测定法来说尤其成问题。本文首先给出了关于内照射剂量测定方法、生物剂量测定中最常用的细胞遗传学技术以及应用于牙釉质的EPR剂量测定法的具体信息。基于实际案例，对从生物测定数据以及生物和/或EPR剂量测定法获得的剂量估计值进行了比较和批判性讨论。在大多数所呈现的案例中，同时存在的外照射是所接受剂量的较大部分的原因。由于没有一种测定方法能够根据所诱导的损伤类型区分不同类型和不同传能线密度的辐射，因此无法从这些研究中得出仅适用于摄入的放射性核素的具体有效结论。生物剂量测定法和EPR技术在放射性核素在体内几乎均匀分布的情况下被证明是最适用的。在其他极端不均匀分布的情况下，没有获得令人信服的证据。回顾性剂量测定需要进行优化和进一步发展，以便能够处理实际暴露案例，在这些案例中，大多数时候会同时遇到外照射和内照射。
