School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S57-66. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.587446.
Dietary supplements are widely used at all levels of sport. Changes in patterns of supplement use are taking place against a background of changes in the regulatory framework that governs the manufacture and distribution of supplements in the major markets. Market regulation is complicated by the increasing popularity of Internet sales. The need for quality control of products to ensure they contain the listed ingredients in the stated amount and to ensure the absence of potentially harmful substances is recognized. This latter category includes compounds prohibited under anti-doping regulations. Several certification programmes now provide testing facilities for manufacturers of both raw ingredients and end products to ensure the absence of prohibited substances. Athletes should carry out a cost-benefit analysis for any supplement they propose to use. For most supplements, the evidence is weak, or even completely absent. A few supplements, including caffeine, creatine, and bicarbonate, are supported by a strong research base. Difficulties arise when new evidence appears to support novel supplements: in recent years, β-alanine has become popular, and the use of nitrate and arginine is growing. Athletes seldom wait until there is convincing evidence of efficacy or of safety, but caution is necessary to minimize risk.
膳食补充剂在各级体育运动中广泛使用。在监管框架发生变化的背景下，补充剂的使用模式正在发生变化，这些变化影响着补充剂在主要市场的制造和分销。市场监管因互联网销售的日益普及而变得复杂。人们认识到有必要对产品进行质量控制，以确保它们含有清单上规定数量的成分，并确保不存在潜在的有害物质。这后一类包括反兴奋剂法规禁止的化合物。现在有几个认证计划为原材料和成品制造商提供测试设施，以确保没有禁止的物质。运动员应该对他们打算使用的任何补充剂进行成本效益分析。对于大多数补充剂来说，证据是薄弱的，甚至完全不存在。少数几种补充剂，包括咖啡因、肌酸和碳酸氢盐，都有强有力的研究基础支持。当新的证据似乎支持新的补充剂时，就会出现困难：近年来，β-丙氨酸变得流行起来，硝酸盐和精氨酸的使用也在增加。运动员很少等到有令人信服的疗效或安全性证据才使用，但为了最小化风险，谨慎是必要的。
