Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.
Ethn Health. 2012;17(1-2):71-87. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2011.645153. Epub 2012 Feb 14.
To investigate the effect of racism, own-group ethnic density, diversity and deprivation on adolescent trajectories in psychological well-being.
Multilevel models were used in longitudinal analysis of psychological well-being (total difficulties score (TDS) from Goodman's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, higher scores correspond to greater difficulties) for 4782 adolescents aged 11-16 years in 51 London (U.K.) schools. Individual level variables included ethnicity, racism, gender, age, migrant generation, socio-economic circumstances, family type and indicators of family interactions (shared activities, perceived parenting). Contextual variables were per cent eligible for free school-meals, neighbourhood deprivation, per cent own-group ethnic density, and ethnic diversity.
Ethnic minorities were more likely to report racism than whites. Ethnic minority boys (except Indian boys) and Indian girls reported better psychological well-being throughout adolescence compared to their white peers. Notably, lowest mean TDS scores were observed for Nigerian/Ghanaian boys, among whom the reporting of racism increased with age. Adjusted for individual characteristics, psychological well-being improved with age across all ethnic groups. Racism was associated with poorer psychological well-being trajectories for all ethnic groups (p<0.001), reducing with age. For example, mean difference in TDS (95% confidence interval) between boys who experienced racism and those who did not at age 12 years=1.88 (+1.75 to +2.01); at 16 years = +1.19 (+1.07 to +1.31). Less racism was generally reported in schools and neighbourhoods with high than low own-group density. Own ethnic density and diversity were not consistently associated with TDS for any ethnic group. Living in more deprived neighbourhoods was associated with poorer psychological well-being for whites and black Caribbeans (p<0.05).
Racism, but not ethnic density and deprivation in schools or neighbourhoods, was an important influence on psychological well-being. However, exposure to racism did not explain the advantage in psychological well-being of ethnic minority groups over whites.
研究种族主义、本族群体密度、多样性和贫困对青少年心理健康轨迹的影响。
使用多层次模型对 51 所伦敦（英国）学校的 4782 名 11-16 岁青少年进行了心理健康（Goodman 的优势与困难问卷的总困难评分（TDS），评分越高表示困难越大）的纵向分析。个体水平变量包括种族、种族主义、性别、年龄、移民代际、社会经济状况、家庭类型和家庭互动指标（共同活动、感知育儿）。背景变量包括有资格获得免费校餐的百分比、邻里贫困率、本族群体密度百分比和族裔多样性。
少数民族比白人更容易报告种族主义。与白人同龄人相比，少数民族男孩（印度男孩除外）和印度女孩在整个青春期的心理健康状况都更好。值得注意的是，尼日利亚/加纳男孩的 TDS 平均分最低，而这些男孩的种族主义报告率随着年龄的增长而增加。在调整了个体特征后，所有族裔群体的心理健康状况都随着年龄的增长而改善。种族主义与所有族裔群体较差的心理健康轨迹相关（p<0.001），且随着年龄的增长而减少。例如，12 岁时经历过种族主义的男孩和未经历过种族主义的男孩之间的 TDS 平均差异（95%置信区间）=1.88（1.75 至 2.01）；16 岁时为+1.19（1.07 至 1.31）。在本族群体密度较高的学校和社区中，种族主义的报告通常较少。本族群体密度和多样性与任何族裔群体的 TDS 均无一致关联。生活在较贫困的社区与白人以及加勒比黑人的心理健康较差相关（p<0.05）。
种族主义，但不是学校或社区的族裔密度和贫困，是心理健康的一个重要影响因素。然而，种族主义的暴露并不能解释少数族裔群体相对于白人的心理健康优势。
