Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA.
Addict Behav. 2012 May;37(5):632-40. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.016. Epub 2012 Jan 23.
This study examined the longitudinal progression of the co-occurrence of cigarette use and negative affect among the general population of U.S. adolescents and young adults and between racial/ethnic groups.
Data for this study consisted of Waves 4, 6, and 8 of the NLSY97 longitudinal study containing a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents and young adults. A total of 7979 adolescents (Mean age at Wave 4=17.98, SD=1.44, 49% female) were included in the analyses. To investigate the co-morbidity between negative affect and cigarette use, a latent factor of negative affect and single indicator of cigarette consumption were examined at each wave. A three wave Bivariate Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Effect Model was estimated to test the conjoint trajectory of negative affect and smoking.
For all racial/ethnic groups prior negative affect status influenced future negative affect between waves and prior negative affect was positively related to increases in smoking in subsequent waves. The longitudinal trajectory of negative affect for the three racial/ethnic groups was the same, but racial/ethnic group differences were observed in the strength of the longitudinal relationship between previous and future cigarette use. Specifically, the following racial/ethnic differences were observed, even after controlling for the effect of SES; White young adults were found to exhibit the strongest association between cigarette use in the first two waves, followed by Hispanic individuals and lastly by African Americans. In the last two waves, African American young adults were found to have the strongest association between cigarette use at the latter two waves, followed by White individuals.
Both negative affect and cigarette consumption influence each other during the transition between late adolescence and young adulthood but the magnitude of the associations between cigarettes use across waves differed between racial/ethnic groups. Implications for prevention and treatment programs include considering both cigarette use and negative affect as two factors that jointly impact each other and that should be targeted simultaneously.
本研究考察了美国青少年和年轻成年人总体中吸烟和负性情绪同时出现的纵向进展情况，以及不同种族/民族群体之间的这种情况。
本研究的数据来自 NLSY97 纵向研究的第 4、6 和 8 波，包含了具有全国代表性的美国青少年和年轻成年人样本。共有 7979 名青少年（第 4 波时的平均年龄=17.98，标准差=1.44，49%为女性）被纳入分析。为了研究负性情绪和吸烟之间的共病关系，在每一波中都检查了负性情绪的潜在因素和吸烟的单一指标。采用三波双变量自回归交叉滞后效应模型来检验负性情绪和吸烟的共同轨迹。
对于所有种族/民族群体，先前的负性情绪状况影响着后续波次的负性情绪，并且先前的负性情绪与后续波次吸烟量的增加呈正相关。三个种族/民族群体的负性情绪纵向轨迹相同，但在先前和未来吸烟之间的纵向关系的强度上存在种族/民族差异。具体而言，即使控制了 SES 的影响，也观察到以下种族/民族差异：白人年轻人在前两波次中吸烟的关联最强，其次是西班牙裔个体，最后是非裔美国人。在最后两波次中，非裔美国年轻人在后两波次中吸烟的关联最强，其次是白人个体。
在从青少年晚期到成年早期的过渡期间，负性情绪和吸烟都会相互影响，但不同种族/民族群体之间跨波次吸烟之间的关联程度不同。预防和治疗计划的启示包括将吸烟和负性情绪视为两个共同影响彼此的因素，并同时针对这两个因素进行干预。
