Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012 Apr;25(2):318-43. doi: 10.1128/CMR.05011-11.
Xenotransplantation may be a solution to overcome the shortage of organs for the treatment of patients with organ failure, but it may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms and the development of xenozoonoses. Whereas most microorganisms may be eliminated by pathogen-free breeding of the donor animals, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) cannot be eliminated, since these are integrated into the genomes of all pigs. Human-tropic PERV-A and -B are present in all pigs and are able to infect human cells. Infection of ecotropic PERV-C is limited to pig cells. PERVs may adapt to host cells by varying the number of LTR-binding transcription factor binding sites. Like all retroviruses, they may induce tumors and/or immunodeficiencies. To date, all experimental, preclinical, and clinical xenotransplantations using pig cells, tissues, and organs have not shown transmission of PERV. Highly sensitive and specific methods have been developed to analyze the PERV status of donor pigs and to monitor recipients for PERV infection. Strategies have been developed to prevent PERV transmission, including selection of PERV-C-negative, low-producer pigs, generation of an effective vaccine, selection of effective antiretrovirals, and generation of animals transgenic for a PERV-specific short hairpin RNA inhibiting PERV expression by RNA interference.
异种移植可能是解决器官短缺问题、治疗器官衰竭患者的一种方法，但它可能会导致猪微生物的传播和人畜共患病的发生。虽然大多数微生物可以通过对供体动物进行无病原体繁殖来消除，但猪内源性逆转录病毒（PERV）是无法消除的，因为这些病毒已经整合到所有猪的基因组中。所有猪都存在能够感染人类细胞的人嗜性 PERV-A 和 -B，而 ecotropic PERV-C 的感染仅限于猪细胞。PERV 可以通过改变 LTR 结合转录因子结合位点的数量来适应宿主细胞。与所有逆转录病毒一样，它们可能会诱导肿瘤和/或免疫缺陷。迄今为止，所有使用猪细胞、组织和器官的实验、临床前和临床异种移植均未显示 PERV 的传播。已经开发出高度敏感和特异性的方法来分析供体猪的 PERV 状态，并监测受者的 PERV 感染情况。已经制定了预防 PERV 传播的策略，包括选择 PERV-C 阴性、低产生猪、生成有效的疫苗、选择有效的抗逆转录病毒药物，以及生成针对 PERV 特异性短发夹 RNA 的转基因动物，通过 RNA 干扰抑制 PERV 表达。
