The fraction of cortical GABAergic neurons is constant from near the start of cortical neurogenesis to adulthood.

Approximately one in five neurons is GABAergic in many neocortical areas and species, forming a critical balance between inhibition and excitation in adult circuits. During development, cortical GABAergic neurons are generated in ventral telencephalon and migrate up to developing cortex where the excitatory glutamatergic neurons are born. We ask here: when during development is the adult GABAergic/glutamatergic neuron ratio first established? To answer this question, we have determined the fraction of all neocortical GABAergic neurons that will become inhibitory (GAD67(+)) in mice from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) to postnatal day 28 (P28). We find that this fraction is close to 1/5, the adult value, starting from early in corticogenesis (E14.5, when GAD67(+) neurons are still migrating tangentially to the cortex) and continuing at the same 1/5 value throughout the remainder of brain development. Thus our data indicate the one-in-five fraction of GABAergic neurons is already established during their neuronal migration and well before significant synapse formation.