Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
Emotion. 2012 Jun;12(3):650-8. doi: 10.1037/a0027472. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
The effects of two kinds of meditation (open presence and focused) on the facial and physiological aspects of the defensive response to an aversive startle stimulus were studied in a Buddhist monk with approximately 40 years of meditation experience. The participant was exposed to a 115-db, 100-ms acoustic startle stimulus under the 2 meditation conditions, a distraction condition (to control for cognitive and attentional load) and an unanticipated condition (startle presented without warning or instruction). A completely counterbalanced 24-trial, single-subject design was used, with each condition repeated 6 times. Most aspects of the participant's responses in the unanticipated condition did not differ from those of a comparison group of 12 age-matched male controls. Both kinds of meditation produced physiological and facial responses to the startle that were smaller than in the distraction condition. Within meditation conditions, open presence meditation produced smaller physiological and facial responses than focused meditation. These results from a single highly expert meditator indicate that these 2 kinds of meditation can differentially alter the magnitude of a primitive defensive response.
研究了两种冥想（开放和专注）对一位具有约 40 年冥想经验的佛教僧侣对厌恶性惊吓刺激的面部和生理防御反应的影响。参与者在两种冥想条件下（开放和专注）、分心条件（控制认知和注意力负荷）和意外条件（无警告或指示呈现惊吓刺激）下暴露于 115 分贝、100 毫秒的听觉惊吓刺激。使用完全平衡的 24 次试验、单被试设计，每种条件重复 6 次。参与者在意外条件下的大多数反应与 12 名年龄匹配的男性对照组的反应没有差异。两种冥想都对惊吓刺激产生了比分心条件更小的生理和面部反应。在冥想条件内，开放冥想比专注冥想产生的生理和面部反应更小。这些来自一位高度专业的冥想者的结果表明，这两种冥想可以改变原始防御反应的幅度。
