Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Environ Health. 2012 Jun 28;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S12. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S12.
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most serious skin cancers. It is caused by neural crest-derived melanocytes - pigmented cells normally present in the epidermis and, sometimes, in the dermis.
We performed a review of current knowledge on the risk factors of cutaneous melanoma. Relevant studies were identified using the PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Scholar Google and ISI Web of Knowledge databases.
Melanoma incurs a considerable public health burden owing to the worldwide dramatic rise in incidence since the mid-1960s. Ultraviolet radiation exposure is the predominant environmental risk factor. The role of geographical (latitude) and individual factors such as skin type, life style, vitamin D levels and antioxidant protection, sunburn, and exposure to other environmental factors possibly contributing to melanoma risk (such as cosmetics including sunscreen, photosensitising drugs, and exogenous hormones) are reviewed in this article. Recently, both rare high risk susceptibility genes and common polymorphic genes contributing to melanoma risk have been identified.
Cutaneous melanoma is a complex cancer with heterogeneous aetiology that continues to increase in incidence. Introduction of new biomarkers may help to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis and individual susceptibility to the disease, and make both prevention and treatment more effective.
皮肤黑色素瘤是最严重的皮肤癌之一。它是由神经嵴来源的黑色素细胞引起的 - 这些色素细胞通常存在于表皮中，有时也存在于真皮中。
我们对皮肤黑色素瘤的危险因素进行了综述。使用 PubMed、Science Direct、Medline、Scopus、Scholar Google 和 ISI Web of Knowledge 数据库确定了相关研究。
自 20 世纪 60 年代中期以来，全球发病率的急剧上升，使黑色素瘤给公共卫生带来了相当大的负担。紫外线辐射暴露是主要的环境危险因素。本文综述了地理（纬度）和个体因素（如皮肤类型、生活方式、维生素 D 水平和抗氧化保护、晒伤以及接触其他可能导致黑色素瘤风险的环境因素（如包括防晒霜在内的化妆品、光敏药物和外源性激素））在黑色素瘤风险中的作用。最近，已经确定了一些罕见的高风险易感性基因和常见的多态性基因，这些基因都与黑色素瘤风险有关。
皮肤黑色素瘤是一种具有异质性病因的复杂癌症，其发病率持续上升。引入新的生物标志物可能有助于阐明发病机制和个体对疾病的易感性，使预防和治疗更加有效。
