University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2012 Aug;24(3):705-21. doi: 10.1017/S0954579412000326.
We report a graded relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and children's antisocial behavior that (a) can be observed at school entry, (b) widens across childhood, (c) remains after controlling for family-level SES and risk, and (d) is completely mediated by maternal warmth and parental monitoring (defined throughout as supportive parenting). The children were participants in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (N = 2,232), which prospectively tracked the development of children and their neighborhoods across childhood. Direct and independent effects of neighborhood-level SES on children's antisocial behavior were observed as early as age 5, and the gap between children living in deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods widened as children approached adolescence. By age 12, the effect of neighborhood SES on children's antisocial behavior was as large as the effect observed for our most robust predictor of antisocial behavior: sex (Cohen d = 0.51 when comparing children growing up in deprived vs. more affluent neighborhoods in comparison to Cohen d = 0.53 when comparing antisocial behavior among boys vs. girls). However, these relatively large differences in children's levels and rate of change in antisocial behavior across deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods were completely mediated by supportive parenting practices. The implications of our findings for studying and reducing socioeconomic disparities in antisocial behavior among children are discussed.
我们报告了邻里社会经济地位（SES）与儿童反社会行为之间的等级关系，这种关系（a）在入学时就可以观察到，（b）在整个儿童期逐渐扩大，（c）在控制家庭 SES 和风险后仍然存在，（d）完全由母性温暖和父母监督（整个研究中定义为支持性养育）所介导。这些孩子是环境风险纵向双胞胎研究（N=2232）的参与者，该研究前瞻性地跟踪了儿童及其邻里在整个儿童期的发展。早在 5 岁时，就观察到邻里 SES 对儿童反社会行为的直接和独立影响，生活在贫困社区和较富裕社区的儿童之间的差距随着儿童接近青春期而扩大。到 12 岁时，邻里 SES 对儿童反社会行为的影响与我们最有力的反社会行为预测因素相当：性别（与生活在贫困社区的儿童相比，性别差异 Cohen d=0.51，与男孩与女孩之间的反社会行为相比，Cohen d=0.53）。然而，这些儿童在贫困社区和较富裕社区之间在反社会行为水平和变化率上的相对较大差异完全由支持性养育实践所介导。我们的研究结果对研究和减少儿童反社会行为中的社会经济差异具有重要意义。
